Khathazeka Ngabafana, Ikakhulukazi Izingane Zabafana

Sivame ukuzwa ukuthi abafana badinga ukuthintwa ukuze bangabi osisi. Ubulukhuni babazali ezinganeni buhlonishwa njengokuthi “akonakalisi ingane.”

Akulungile! Le mibono isuselwa ekungaqondisisini ukuthi izingane zikhula kanjani. Esikhundleni salokho, izinsana zithembele ekunakekelweni ngothando, okusabelayo ukuze zikhule kahle — okuholela ekuzithibeni, emakhonweni omphakathi nasekukhathaleleni abanye.

Ukubuyekezwa kocwaningo lwezobuciko kuvele nje ngu-Allan N. Schore, obizwa nge- “All Sons Sons: The Developmental Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology of Boys at Risk.”

Lokhu kubuyekezwa okuphelele kubonisa ukuthi kungani kufanele sikhathazeke ngokuthi sibaphatha kanjani abafana besencane ezimpilweni zabo. Nawa amaphuzu avelele ambalwa:

Kungani isipiliyoni sempilo esemncane sinethonya kubafana kakhulu kunamantombazane?

• Abafana bavuthwa kancane ngokomzimba, ngokwenhlalo nangolimi.
• Ukujikeleza kwengcindezi okulawula ukucindezela kukhula kancane kubafana ngaphambi kokubeletha, ngokwedlulele nangasemuva.
• Abafana bathinteka kabi ngokucindezelwa kokuqala kwemvelo, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesibeletho, kunamantombazane. Amantombazane anezindlela ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezikhuthaza ukuqina ekucindezelekeni.

Ingabe abafana bathinteka kanjani ngaphezu kwamantombazane?

• Abafana basengozini enkulu ekucindezelekeni komama nokudangala esiswini, ukuhlukumezeka kokubeletha (isb., Ukuhlukana nomama), nokunakekelwa okungaphenduli (ukunakekelwa okubashiya besenkingeni). Lezi ziqukethe ukuhlukunyezwa kokunamathiselwe futhi kuthinta kakhulu ukukhula kwesikhala se-hemisphere yangakwesokudla-esikhula ngokushesha okukhulu empilweni yokuqala kunesikhala sobuchopho sobunxele. I-hemisphere yangakwesokudla imisa imijikelezo yobuchopho ezilawulayo ehlobene nokuzilawula kanye nomphakathi.
• Abafana abasanda kuzalwa basabela ngendlela ehlukile ekuhlolweni kokuziphatha kwe-neonatal, okukhombisa amazinga aphezulu e-cortisol (i-hormone egqugquzela ekhombisa ukucindezeleka) ngemuva kwamantombazane.
• Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, abafana bakhombisa ukukhungatheka kakhulu kunamantombazane. Ezinyangeni eziyi-12, abafana bakhombisa ukusabela okukhulu kuzisusa ezingezinhle.
• UShore ucaphuna ucwaningo lukaTronick, owaphetha ngokuthi “Abafana ... bafuna ngenkani abalingani bezenhlalo, banezikhathi ezinzima kakhulu zokulawula izifundazwe zabo, futhi bangadinga ukwesekwa komama babo ukuze babasize balawule ukuthinteka. Lokhu kufunwa okwandisiwe kungathinta ukusebenzisana kwabafana bezinsana ”(ikhasi 4).

Yini esingaphetha ngayo kusukela kudatha?

Abafana basengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo ze-neuropsychiatric ezibonakala ngokwentuthuko (amantombazane asengozini yokuthola izifo ezizovela kamuva). Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-autism, i-schizophrenia yokuqala, i-ADHD, kanye nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha. Lokhu kuye kwanda emashumini eminyaka amuva nje (ngokuthakazelisayo, njengoba izingane eziningi zifakwe ezindaweni zokunakekelwa kwezinsuku, cishe zonke ezihlinzeka ukunakekelwa okunganele kwabantwana; Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sezempilo Yezingane Nokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu, Inethiwekhi Yokucwaninga Kwezingane Zakuqala, 2003).

UShorere uthi, “ngenxa yokuvuthwa kobuchopho bengane yesilisa, ukusebenza komama okuphephile okulawula okunamathisela njengokulawula okusabelayo, okusebenzisanayo okuthinta ubuchopho bakhe obungakakhuli kahle ngonyaka wokuqala kubalulekile ekukhuleni okuhle kwenhlalo yomuntu wesilisa.” (ikhasi 14)

"Sekukonke, amakhasi adlule alo msebenzi akhombisa ukuthi umehluko phakathi kobulili emaphethini wokuxhuma ubuchopho obangela ukwehluka kobulili emisebenzini yezenhlalo neyomzwelo isungulwe ekuqaleni kwempilo; ukuthi uhlelo lokuthuthukisa lomehluko lungaphezu kofuzo okukhodiwe, kepha okwakhiwe ngokwe-epigenetically yisimo sokuqala senhlalo nesomzimba; nokuthi ubuchopho besilisa nabesifazane abadala bumele ukuhambisana okuhambisanayo kokusebenza komuntu ngokuphelele. " (ikhasi 26)

Ngabe ukunakekelwa okungafanele kubukeka kanjani eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila?

“Ngokuphambene kakhulu nalesi simo sokunamathisela esikhulisa ukukhula, esimeni sokukhula esivimbela ukukhula kwangemva kokubeletha, ukuzwela komama okuphelele, ukuphendula, kanye nomthethonqubo kuhlotshaniswa nokunamathiselwe okungavikelekile. Esimweni esilimaza kakhulu ukukhula kwezobudlelwano bokuhlukunyezwa nokuhlukumezeka kokunamathiselwe (ukuhlukunyezwa kanye / noma ukunganakwa), umnakekeli oyinhloko wosana olungazinzile olungakhubazekile wenza isimo esibuhlungu sokubekezelela umthelela omubi enganeni (AN Schore, 2001b, 2003b) . Ngenxa yalokhu, izinqubo ze-allostatic ezingalawuleki zikhiqiza ukuwohloka okweqile ebuchosheni obukhulayo, ukuhlukaniswa okunamandla kwe-apoptotic kwamasekethe wokucindezeleka angaphansi, kanye nemiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside yezempilo (McEwen & Gianaros, 2011). Ukuhlukumezeka ngokobudlelwano ezikhathini zokuqala ezibucayi zokukhula kobuchopho ngakho-ke kugxilisa ukusebenza komzimba okuphakade kobuchopho obufanele, kuguqula ukuxhumana kwe-corticolimbic ku-HPA, futhi kudala ukuthambekela kokuphazamiseka kwamuva kokuthinteka komthethonqubo okuvezwe ekushodeni kokubhekana nezingcindezi zesimo senhlalo esizayo. Phambilini, ngichaze ukuthi ubuchopho besilisa obukhula kancane busengozini yokutholwa yile ndlela yokunamathisela ekhubazeke kakhulu, ekhonjiswa ngokushoda okukhulu emisebenzini yezenhlalo neyemizwa. ” (ikhasi 13)

Ngabe ukunakekelwa okufanele kubukeka kanjani ebuchosheni?

“Esimweni esihle sokukhula, indlela yokunamathisela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, evuthwa ngesikhathi sokukhula kobuchopho obufanele, ngaleyo ndlela ivumela izici ze-epigenetic endaweni yezenhlalo ukuthi zithinte izindlela ze-genomic nezamahomoni ezingeni lobuchopho elingaphansi nelilandelayo. Ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala nakowesibili, izikhungo eziphakeme ezisendaweni efanelekile ye-orbitofrontal kanye ne-ventromedial cortices ziqala ukwakha ukuxhumana okuhlangene kwe-synaptic nezikhungo ezingezansi ze-subcortical, kufaka phakathi amasistimu wokuvusa phakathi kwe-midbrain kanye nesiqu sobuchopho ne-axis ye-HPA, ngaleyo ndlela ivumela ngamasu ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu wokuthinta umthethonqubo, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokuxineka phakathi kwabantu. Lokho kusho, njengoba ngiphawulile ku-1994, i-orbitofrontal cortex yangakwesokudla, uhlelo lokulawula okunamathiselwe, kusebenza ngokuvuthwa ngokwesikhathi sokuhlelwa kwezikhathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa, ngakho-ke, ukwahlukana nokukhula kuzinza phambilini kwabesifazane kunakwabesilisa (AN Schore, 1994). Kunoma ikuphi, izimo ezinamathiselwe ezifanele zivumela ukwakhiwa kohlelo olusebenze kahle lokuqalisa ukusebenza kahle nokuvinjelwa kwempendulo kwe-axis ye-HPA nokuvuka okuzimele, izingxenye ezibalulekile zamakhono aphelele okubhekana nezinkinga. ” (ikhasi 13)

Qaphela: Nayi ifayili le- i-athikili yakamuva echaza okunamathiselwe.

Okusetshenziswayo okusebenzayo kubazali, ochwepheshe, nakubenzi bomgomo:

1. Qaphela ukuthi abafana badinga ukunakekelwa okungaphezulu, hhayi okuncane kunamantombazane.

2. Buyekeza yonke imikhuba yokubeletha esibhedlela. I-Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative iyisiqalo kodwa ayenele. Ngokuya ngokubuyekezwa kwakamuva kocwaningo, kunemiphumela eminingi ye-epigenetic neminye imiphumela eyenzekayo lapho kuzalwa.

Ukwehlukaniswa kukamama nengane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kuyingozi kubo bonke abantwana, kepha uShorere ukhomba ukuthi kungakanani ukulimala okwenzeka kubafana:

"Ukudalula owesilisa osanda kuzalwa ... ekuhlukaneni nengcindezi kubanga ukwanda okunamandla kwe-cortisol ngakho-ke kungathathwa njengokucindezela okukhulu" (Kunzler, Braun, & Bock, 2015, p. 862). Ukwehlukaniswa okuphindaphindiwe kuholela ekuziphatheni okungaxakeki, futhi "kuguquka ... izindlela zangaphambi komlenze, okungukuthi, izifunda ezingasebenzi kahle ezinkingeni ezahlukahlukene zengqondo" (ikhasi 862).

3. Nikeza ukunakekelwa okuphendulayo . Omama, obaba nabanye abanakekeli kufanele bagweme noma yikuphi ukucindezeleka okukhulu enganeni— “ukubekezelela ukuthinteka okubi.” Esikhundleni sokuphathwa ngesihluku kwabesilisa ("ukubenza amadoda") ngokubayekisa bakhale njengezinsana bese ubatshela ukuthi bangakhali njengabafana, ngokugodlela uthando neminye imikhuba "yokubenza babe nzima," abafana abancane kufanele baphathwe ngenye indlela: ngobumnene nenhlonipho ngezidingo zabo zokuganga nobumnene.

Qaphela ukuthi abafana abazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi abakwazi ukuxhumana ngokuzenzekelayo nabanakekeli ngakho-ke badinga ukunakekelwa okubucayi njengoba ukukhula kwabo kwe-neurobiological kuqhubeka.

4. Nikeza ngekhefu labazali elikhokhelwayo . Ukuze abazali banikeze ukunakekelwa okuphendulayo, badinga isikhathi, ukugxila namandla. Lokhu kusho ukuthuthela ekhefini likamama nelikayise elikhokhelwe okungenani unyaka, isikhathi lapho izingane zisengozini kakhulu. ISweden inezinye izinqubomgomo ezilungele umndeni ezenza kube lula ngabazali ukuba baphendule.

5. Qaphela ubuthi bemvelo. Enye into engingazange ngiyibhekise, eyenziwa nguShore, imiphumela yobuthi bezemvelo. Abafana abancane bathinteka kabi kabi ubuthi bezemvelo obuphazamisa nokuthuthuka kobuchopho besimo sokudla (isb., Amapulasitiki afana neBpA, bis-phenol-A). UShorere uvumelana nesiphakamiso sikaLamphear (2015) sokuthi “ukwanda kokukhubazeka okuqhubekayo kuhlobene nobuthi bezemvelo ebuchosheni obusakhulayo.” Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi kufanele sikuqaphele kakhulu ukufaka amakhemikhali anobuthi emoyeni wethu, emhlabathini nasemanzini. Lesi yisihloko sokunye okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi.

Isiphetho

Vele, akufanele sikhathazeke ngabafana kuphela kodwa sithathe isinyathelo ngazo zonke izingane. Sidinga ukuhlinzeka ngokunakekelwa kwazo zonke izingane. Zonke izingane zilindele futhi zidinga, ukuze kuthuthukiswe kahle, isidleke esiguqukile, isisekelo sokunakekelwa kusenesikhathi okunikeza ukunakekelwa, ukunakekelwa okwehlisa ingcindezi okukhuthaza ukukhula kahle kobuchopho. Ilebhu lami lifunda i-Evolution Nest futhi liyithola ihlobene nayo yonke imiphumela emihle yengane esiyifundile.

Okuthunyelwe okulandelayo: Kungani Ukhathazeka Ngokukhathalelwa Kwabesilisa? Ukuziphatha okumisiwe!

Qaphela ngokusoka:

Abafundi baphakamise imibuzo ngokusoka. Idathasethi yase-USA ebuyekezwe nguDkt Schore ayizange ifake imininingwane mayelana nokusoka, ngakho-ke ayikho indlela yokwazi ukuthi okunye okutholakele kungenzeka kungenxa yokuhlukumezeka kokusoka, okusasakazeke kakhulu e-USA. Funda kabanzi ngemithelela yengqondo yokusoka lapha.

Qaphela kokucabanga okuyisisekelo:

Lapho ngibhala ngokukhuliswa kwezingane, ngithatha ukubaluleka kwesidleke esiguqukile noma i-niche yentuthuko eguqukile yokukhulisa izinsana ezingabantu (ezaqala ukwenzeka eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30 edlule ngokuvela kwezilwane ezincelisayo zomphakathi futhi eziguqulwe kancane phakathi kwabantu amaqembu asuselwa ocwaningweni lwe-anthropological).

I-EDN yisisekelo engisisebenzisayo ukuhlola ukuthi yini ekhuthaza impilo enhle yomuntu, inhlalakahle nokuziphatha okuhle. I-niche ifaka okungenani okulandelayo: ukuncelisa ukuncelisa ingane iminyaka eminingana, cishe ukuthinta okungapheli njalo, ukuphendula ezidingweni zokugwema ukucindezela ingane, ubungane obudlalayo nabadlali abadlala nabo abaneminyaka eminingi, abanakekeli abaningi abadala, ukusekelwa okuhle kwezenhlalo, kanye nokuzwa okuthokozisayo kokubeletha .

Zonke izici ze-EDN zixhunywe kwezempilo ezifundweni ezincelisayo nezabantu (ngokubuyekezwa, bheka iNarvaez, iPanksepp, iShore & Gleason, 2013; iNarvaez, iValentino, iFuentes, iMcKenna neGrey, i-2014; i-Narvaez, i-2014) Ngakho-ke, ishiya i-EDN okuyisisekelo kuyingozi futhi kufanele kusekelwe ngemininingwane yempilo yonke ebheka izici eziningi zenhlalakahle yengqondo nengqondo ezinganeni nakubantu abadala. Ukuphawula kwami ​​nokuthunyelwe kwami ​​kuvela kulokhu kucabanga okuyisisekelo.

Ilabhorethri yami yocwaningo ikubhalile ukubaluleka kwe-EDN enhlalakahleni yezingane nasekukhuleni kokuziphatha ngamaphepha amaningi emisebenzini (bona iwebhusayithi ukulanda amaphepha).

I-Lanphear, B.P. (2015). Umthelela wobuthi ebuchosheni obukhulayo. Ukubuyekezwa Kwonyaka Kwezempilo Yomphakathi, 36, 211-230.

UMcEwen, BS, noGianaros, PJ (2011). Ingcindezi- kanye ne-allostasis-eyenziwe ngopulasitiki wobuchopho. Ukubuyekezwa Kwaminyaka Yonke Kwezokwelapha, 62, 431-445.

IShore, A.N. (1994). Thinta umthethonqubo umsuka wesiqu sakho. I-neurobiology yokuthuthuka ngokomzwelo. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

IShore, A.N. (2001a). Imiphumela yobudlelwano obuphephile bokunamathisela ekukhuleni kobuchopho obufanele, kuthinta ukulawulwa, kanye nempilo yengqondo yezinsana. Ijenali Yezempilo Yengqondo Yezingane, 22, 7-66.

IShore, A.N. (2001b). Imiphumela yokuhlukumezeka ngokobudlelwano ekukhuleni kobuchopho obulungile, kuthinta ukulawulwa, kanye nempilo yengqondo yezinsana. Ijenali Yezempilo Yengqondo Yezingane, 22, 201-269.

IShore, A. N. (2017). Onke amadodana ethu: Intuthuko ye-neurobiology kanye neuroendocrinology yabafana abasengozini. I-Infant Mental Health Journal, i-e-pub ngaphambi kwe-doi yokuphrinta: 10.1002 / imhj.21616

Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sezempilo Yezingane Nokuthuthuka Kwabantu, Inethiwekhi Yokucwaninga Ngokunakekelwa Kwezingane Zisencane (2003). Ngabe isikhathi esichithwa ekunakekelweni kwengane sibikezela ukulungiswa kwezenhlalo ngesikhathi sokushintshela enkulisa? Inhlangano Yezocwaningo Ekuthuthukisweni Kwezingane, Inc.