Umbono kaBf Skinner Wokuqinisa

-Delile

• Le mbono isasebenza nanamuhla uma kukhulunywa ngokuchaza izinqubo zokufunda.
• Wayengubani uBF Skinner?
• Uyini umbono wokuqiniswa?
• Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuqinisa ezikhona?
• 1. Iziqinisi ezinhle
• 3. Iziqinisi ezingezinhle
• Izinhlelo zokuqinisa zikaSkinner
• 1. Ukuqiniswa okuqhubekayo
• 2. Ukuqiniswa okungapheli
• Ukugxekwa kombono kaSkinner

Le mbono isasebenza nanamuhla uma kukhulunywa ngokuchaza izinqubo zokufunda.

Kubonakala kusobala ukucabanga ukuthi, uma ngemuva kokwenza okuthile sithola umklomelo noma umklomelo, maningi amathuba okuthi sizophinda futhi. Ngemuva kwalesi simiso, okungabonakala kucace kithina, kukhona uchungechunge oluphelele lwemicabango nemibono efundwayo nokuphikisana kuwo wonke umlando wezengqondo.

Omunye wabavikeli abakhulu bale ndlela kwakungu UBurrhus Frederic Skinner, othe ngokusebenzisa iTheory yakhe Yokuqinisa wazama ukunikeza incazelo ekusebenzeni kokuziphatha komuntu ekuphenduleni izinto ezithile.

Wayengubani uBF Skinner?

Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, isazi sefilosofi, umqambi nomlobi. Le yiminye nje yemisebenzi ekhonjwe ngudokotela wezengqondo owaziwayo, odabuka eMelika, uBurrhus Frederic Skinner. Ubhekwa njengomunye wabalobi nabacwaningi abakhulu ngaphakathi kwesimo sokuziphatha seNyakatho Melika.

Enye yezinto ayeyifunda eyinhloko kwakuwukuziphatha komuntu. Ngokuqondile, ibifuna ukuchaza ukuthi isebenza kanjani ekuphenduleni izinto ezahlukene ezingayithonya.

Ngokusebenzisa ukukhohlisa kokuhlola nokubuka indlela yokuziphatha kwezilwane, U-Skinner uveze imibono yakhe yokuqala mayelana nendima okuqiniswa ngayo ekuziphatheni, okudala kusuka kulezi zimiso zemfundiso yokuziphendulela.

Okwe-Skinner, ukusetshenziswa kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqinisa okuhle nokubi kwakubalulekile ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha komuntu neyesilwane; ukukhulisa noma ukuthuthukisa isimilo esithile noma ukuvimbela noma ukukuqeda.

Ngokufanayo, uSkinner wayenentshisekelo ekusetshenzisweni kwemibono yakhe; ukudala "imfundo ehleliwe". Kulolu hlobo lwenqubo yezemfundo, abafundi bachazelwa uchungechunge lwe-nuclei encane yolwazi okufanele bayifunde ngokulandelana ukuze badlulele ku-nucleus elandelayo yolwazi.

Ekugcineni, uSkinner ubuye waveza uchungechunge lwama-eseyi azungezwe impikiswano ethile lapho aphakamise khona ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okuguqula indlela yokuziphatha kwengqondo ngenhloso ukwandisa ikhwalithi yomphakathi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuqiniswe injabulo yabantu, njengohlobo lobunjiniyela bezenhlalo enjabulweni nasenhlalakahleni yamadoda nabesifazane.

Uyini umbono wokuqiniswa?

Umbono wokuqinisa owenziwe nguSkinner, owaziwa nangokuthi isimo sokusebenza noma isimo sezinsimbi, uzama ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu ngokuxhumana nemvelo noma isikhuthazo esizungezile.

Usebenzisa indlela yokuhlola, uSkinner ufinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ukubonakala kwesikhuthazi kudala impendulo kumuntu. Uma le mpendulo inemibandela isebenzisa iziqinisi ezinhle noma ezingezinhle, kungaba nethonya ekuphenduleni noma ekusebenzeni okushiwo, okungathuthukiswa noma kuvinjelwe.

USkinner usungule ukuthi ukuziphatha kugcinwa kusuka komunye umongo noma isimo kuya kwesinye inqobo nje uma imiphumela, okungukuthi, abaqinisi abaguquki noma benza kanjalo ngokulandela imiqondo ethile, "imithetho" okumele itholwe. Ngenxa yalokho, kokubili ukuziphatha komuntu nokwesilwane kungalungiswa noma iguqulwe kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo isihloko esingazithatha njengezigculisayo noma cha.

Kuchazwe kalula nje, iTheinus Theory igcizelela ukuthi umuntu kungenzeka aphindaphinde indlela yokuziphatha eqiniswe kahle, kanye nokuba sethubeni lokuphindaphinda izindlela zokuziphatha ezihlotshaniswa nezisusa ezimbi noma ukuqiniswa.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuqinisa ezikhona?

Izikhuthazi ezinemibandela noma eziqinisa, zombili ezinhle nezimbi, zingasetshenziswa ukulungisa noma ukuguqula indlela aziphethe ngayo lowo muntu. Lezi ziwusizo olukhulu ekwelashweni ngokwengqondo, nasesikoleni, umndeni noma imvelo yokusebenza.

I-Skinner yehlukanise phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zama-reinforcers: ama-reinforcers amahle nama-negative reinforcers.

1. Iziqinisi ezinhle

Ama-reinforcers amahle yiyo yonke leyo miphumela evela ngemuva kokuziphatha nokuthi lowo muntu ayibheke njengeyanelisayo noma enenzuzo. Ngalezi ziqinisekisi ezakhayo noma ezigculisayo, inhloso ukukhulisa isilinganiso sempendulo yomuntu, okungukuthi, ukukhulisa amathuba okwenza noma ukuphinda isenzo.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi izenzo eziqiniswe kahle kungenzeka ziphindaphindwe njengoba zenziwe kulandelwa ukwaneliseka, imivuzo noma imivuzo ethathwa njengeyinhle ngumuntu owenza isenzo.

Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi ukuze le nhlangano isebenze kahle, kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umuntu ubheka ukuqiniswa okuhle kanjalo. Lokho kusho ukuthi, iyathandeka ngempela.

Lokho umuntu angakuthatha njengomklomelo akudingeki ukuthi kube komunye. Isibonelo, ingane enganikwanga uswidi ingabona njengomvuzo obaluleke kakhulu kunalowo oyijwayele. Ngakho-ke, it kuzodingeka ukuthi wazi imininingwane ethile nokwehluka komuntu ukuze ucacise ukuthi yikuphi okuzoba yisikhuthazo esifanele esizosebenza njengesiqinisi esihle.

Ngokunjalo, lezi ziqinisi ezinhle zingabekwa ngezigaba ezilandelayo:

3. Iziqinisi ezingezinhle

Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile, iziqinisi ezingezinhle aziqukethe ukujezisa noma ukuvuselela umuntu okuphindayo; Uma kungenjalo okuphambene. Ukusetshenziswa kweziqinisi ezingezinhle kuhlose ukukhuphula izinga lokuphendula kwalokhu ngo isusa leyo miphumela ebheka njengengalungile.

Ukwenza isibonelo, ingane efundela isivivinyo esithile futhi ithole amamaki amahle. Kulokhu, abazali bayamkhulula ekwenzeni noma yimiphi imisebenzi yasendlini noma yimuphi umsebenzi ongamjabulisi.

Njengoba sikwazi ukubona, ngokungafani nokuqiniswa okuhle, kulokhu kuqhamuka ukubukeka kwesikhuthazi esingesihle noma esiphindayo kususwa ukukhulisa isimilo esithile. Kodwa-ke, abanakho ngokufanayo ukuthi izikhuthazi kuzodingeka nokuthi zivumelaniswe nokuthanda komuntu.

Izinhlelo zokuqinisa zikaSkinner

Njengoba kuxoxwe ekuqaleni kwendatshana, ngaphezu kokucabanga ngokuziphatha kwabantu, USkinner wafuna ukuletha le mibono ekusebenzeni kwangempela. Ukwenza lokhu, wenza uchungechunge lwezinhlelo ezithile zokuqinisa, okuvelele kakhulu kube yizinhlelo zokuqinisa eziqhubekayo nezinhlelo zokuqinisa (ukuqinisa isikhawu nokuqinisa izizathu).

1. Ukuqiniswa okuqhubekayo

Ekuqiniseni okuqhubekayo, umuntu uvuzwa njalo ngesenzo noma ngokuziphatha. Inzuzo enkulu ukuthi inhlangano iyashesha futhi iyasebenza; kodwa-ke, uma ukuqinisa kususiwe, isimilo naso siyaphela ngokushesha.

2. Ukuqiniswa okungapheli

Kulezi zimo , ukuziphatha komuntu kuqiniswa kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile. Lolu hlelo luye lwahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: ukuqiniswa kwesikhawu (okungaguquki noma okuguqukayo) noma ukuqiniswa kwesizathu (okungaguquki noma okuguqukayo)

Ekuqiniseni kwesikhawu isimilo siqiniswa ngemuva kwesikhathi esinqunyelwe ngaphambili (esinqunyiwe) noma isikhathi esingahleliwe (okuguqukayo). Ngenkathi ukuqiniswa kwesizathu umuntu kufanele enze inani elithile lokuziphatha ngaphambi kokuthi kuqiniswe. Njengasekuqiniseni kwesikhawu, leli nani lezimpendulo lingavunyelwana ngaphambilini (limiwe) noma cha (okungahleliwe).

Ukugxekwa kombono kaSkinner

Njengazo zonke izindawo zokutadisha nokucwaninga, umbono kaSkinner awukho ngaphandle kwabagxeki bawo. Abahlambalazi abakhulu bale mibono basola uSkinner ngokungazinaki izimo okwenzeka kuzo lokhu kuziphatha, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheke ukunciphisa ngokweqile inkolelo ngokuthembela kundlela yokuhlola. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kugxekwa kuyaphindaphindwa ngokuqaphelisa iqiniso lokuthi ngendlela yokulinga kumayelana nokubeka ukunakwa hhayi ngqo kumuntu, kepha kumongo, okwenzekayo emvelweni.