Ubudala Bethusi: Izici Nezigaba Zalesi Sigaba Somlando

-Delile

• Isifinyezo sezimpawu kanye nezigaba zokuvela kweNkathi yeBronze.
• Yini i-Bronze Age?
• Izici zeBronze Age
• 1. Ubudala Bethusi Lasendulo
• 2. Ubudala Bethusi Ephakathi
• 3. Iminyaka Yokugcina Yethusi
• Kusuka kubalimi kuya kubabusi

Isifinyezo sezimpawu kanye nezigaba zokuvela kweNkathi yeBronze.

Okuthile okulula njenge-alloy yezinsimbi ezimbili kwaholela esikhathini esibucayi sokuthuthukiswa kwesintu. Isikhathi seBronze kwakuyisigaba esivela kubantu abayimizulane siye emiphakathini ehlala phansi, abanikazi nabavikeli bamazwe abo kanye nezitshalo zabo ngezikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ezenziwe ngeyensimbi leyo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kanye nokuphathwa okungcono kwensimbi kwavumela, kancane kancane, ukuphawula ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, amandla okuphatha kanye nezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zasemadolobheni ezazizoguquka zibe yimpucuko enkulu kakhulu eyayibusa ezweni lasendulo.

Ngokulandelayo sizothola ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko ezinkulu kwezenhlalo, ezamasiko nezomnotho ezenzeka ngesikhathi seBronze Age, isikhathi lapho, uma kungenjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi besizingela onogwaja endle ukuze siphile.

Yini i-Bronze Age?

Ubudala beBronze buqukethe isikhathi eside sangaphambi komlando izazi-mlando ezibeka phakathi kuka-3,800 no-1,200 BC Ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezinkulu zamasiko ezaveza ukwakheka kwemiphakathi yokuqala emikhulu, kanye nesakhiwo sayo senhlalo, ukungalingani kwezomnotho kanye namasiko ayinkimbinkimbi, konke okwaba umphumela wento entsha: ithusi, ingxubevange yethusi ithini.

Lokhu kwaziswa kuphakamise ukwenziwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezitsha, kusuka kumathuluzi okusebenza amasimu kuya kwezobuciko ukuhlobisa abakhethiweyo, eyavumela zonke izinhlobo zezinguquko kwezomnotho namasiko ukuba zenzeke. I-bronze iphenduke insimbi ephathekayo kakhulu kunaleyo esetshenziswe esigabeni esedlule, ithusi, futhi ibizodlula kuphela insimbi yesigaba esilandelayo, i-iron. Iminyaka yeCopper, Bronze ne-Iron yiyo emithathu eyenza isikhathi esihle se-Metal Age.

I-Bronze Age yayingeyona inkathi ehambisanayo. Izazi-mlando zihlukanisa kuyo iziqeshana ezintathu ezilandelayo:

Izici zeBronze Age

Njengoba sishilo, i-Bronze Age ayiyona inkathi ehambisanayo. Izigaba ezintathu ezihlukanisayo zikhombisa izindlela zokuphila ezihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye.

1. Ubudala Bethusi Lasendulo

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa iminyaka engaba ngu-2 500 futhi kwaba yiso ngokushesha ngemuva kweNkathi Yethusi. Lesi sikhathi sokuqala seBronze Age sibonakala ngokuthola abantu abangcwatshwe ngokuhlanganyela, okungukuthi, ukugcwala izidumbu zalabo abasanda kushona endaweni efanayo, njengamathuna.

Amaqembu esintu alesi sikhathi, yize ayeseqalile ukuthuthukisa ezolimo kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, ayesenaso isitayela sokuziphilisa njengokujwayelekile sabantu abayimizulane, beqoqa izithelo nokuzingela izilwane. Babehamba besuka esifundeni ngesifunda befuna ukudla futhi, lapho bephela, bashintsha izindawo bebalekela indlala.

Amanye amaqembu athuthukisa ezolimo nemfuyo, ukuthuthukisa amathuluzi akhethekile okusebenza umhlaba, enziwe ngethusi. Lamasiko okuqala ezolimo ahlala ezindaweni ezingaguquki, ayeka ukuba ngumhambuma futhi ahlala phansi. Baqala ukuthuthukisa umqondo wokuba ngabanikazi bomhlaba nokuthi ubanikani.

Abalimi ababenenhlanhla kakhulu babenezitshalo eziningi, ababezidayisela amaminerali noma okunye ukudla namanye ama-rancher noma amalungu amasiko angomakhelwane. Abanye ababengenayo inhlanhla bakhetha ukuhlasela labo ababenokuningi, ukuze badle izimpahla zabo. Kungakho ngalesi sikhathi izikhali ziqala ukuvela ngenhloso ecacile yokuzivikela noma yokuhlasela abanye abantu. Izimpi zokuqala ziyaqubuka, noma ngabe kungokwesizwe.

2. Ubudala Bethusi Ephakathi

Ubudala Bethusi Ephakathi kuhlale cishe iminyaka engama-400, yize ukuqala nobude besikhathi kuhluka ngesifunda. Ngenxa yentuthuko engcono yezolimo nemfuyo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungcono kwezinsizakusebenza zensimbi, kuvela ukuhweba phakathi kwamaqembu abantu.

Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ihhashi selifuywe khona, livumela ukuthuthwa kwempahla kusuka edolobheni kuya edolobheni ngokukhulu ukukhululeka, ikakhulukazi kusetshenziswa usizo lwezinqola nezikhwama ezenziwe ngezindwangu zesikhumba noma zemifino.

Ukuhweba akubandakanyi nje kuphela ukushintshaniswa kokudla nezinsimbi, kodwa futhi nezinto ezenziwe. Ngalesi sikhathi isibalo sengcweti sithola amandla nokubaluleka, sivumela ukwakhiwa kwezikhali ezingcono namathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi, ngaphezu kokwenza imisebenzi yezandla efana nemikhumbi, ojeke noma okokwembatha.

Ngokuthuthuka okukhulu kwezikhali nentshisekelo ekhulayo yokuphathwa komhlaba, izimpi ziba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Imikhankaso yokuqala yamasosha enamasu iyenziwa, kunqotshwa izimpi zesizwe ezincike ezintongweni nasematsheni ngezimpi zangempela ezigxunyekwe ngezinkemba, izihlangu kanye nabaphepheli.

3. Iminyaka Yokugcina Yethusi

I-Final Bronze Age yathatha cishe iminyaka engama-400, yize njengakwezinye izigaba zeBronze Age, ukuqala nokuphela kwayo kwehlukile kuye ngesifunda. Ngokwesiko lesi sikhathi sithathwa njengokushintshela ku-Iron Age futhi kwenzeka izinguquko ezinkulu kwezamasiko.

Ngalesi sikhathi kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamalungu amadolobhana, azuzwe njengefa kusukela eminyakeni emibili edlule. Noma ngabe kungenxa yokuthi ube nenhlanhla nomhlaba wamapulazi noma ngoba uyiqhawe elinekhono noma ingcweti, kunabantu abanengcebo nodumo oluningi kunabo bonke omakhelwane babo edolobheni.

Amadolobha aya ngokuya eba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, avela amandla afanayo nalawo angagcina engamakhosi okuqala. Ukukhombisa amandla abo, amalungu acebile kakhulu kulezi zizwe azihlobise ngobucwebe begolide negolide, ekhomba abanye ukuthi angaphezulu kwawo.

Njengoba ubuciko bempi buqhubekile namasu angcono athuthukisiwe futhi kuthuthukiswe izikhali ezilimazayo, amadolobhana amaningi aqala ukwakha izindonga noma asekelwe ezindaweni eziphakeme, lapho bangathola khona umbono omuhle wezindawo ezibazungezile. Izinkemba ziyalimaza kakhulu futhi ziyasebenza futhi imikhonto yokuqala iyakhiwa. Izingubo eziyizicucu zokuzivikela ezinjengezihlangu, izivikelo zesifuba nezigqoko zokugqoka nazo ziyakhiwa.

Kusuka kubalimi kuya kubabusi

Abavubukuli bayazi ukuthi umehluko wokuqala wezenhlalo nezomnotho waqala ukuvela eBronze Age, ukwahlulela ngokutholwe okwenziwe emathuneni. Njengoba sishilo, kungalesi sikhathi lapho abantu behlala khona, ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwamasu wezolimo. Uma ngaphambi kokuba abantu bethembele emvelweni, ukuba ngaphansi kosongo olungapheli lwendlala futhi kufanele bafune izilwane abazizingelayo nezithelo ezizolandwa njalo, manje, ngokulima banomthombo wokudla ongenamkhawulo.

Kodwa akubona bonke ababenenhlanhla enjalo. Kwakukhona labo ababekwazi ukutshala izitshalo zabo emhlabathini ovundile kakhulu futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, babazi ukuthi basebenza kanjani umhlaba, benenzuzo ethe xaxa. Insalela yabo yashintshelwa kweminye imikhiqizo nabanye abalimi abanenhlanhla noma izingcweti, okwabazuzela imikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene ebanika amandla.

Abanye babengenayo inhlanhla futhi babulawa yindlala noma kwakudingeka basebenze ezweni lomunye umuntu ngokushintshana ngokudla okuncane. Labo abanethonya elikhulu bathola kakhulu emzaneni, kuyilapho labo abanokuncane begcina beba yizisebenzi zawo.

Kwezinye izimo, labo ababengenayo inhlanhla engaka balwela ukufeza lokho ababezimisele ukukwenza ngokusebenzisa ubuhlakani obuyinkimbinkimbi. Impi yokulawulwa kwezinsizakusebenza yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwiBronze Age, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi izikhali ziyinkimbinkimbi. Lawa mathuluzi kwakungekhona ukuzingela izilwane, kodwa kwakuwukuzivikela nokuhlasela abanye abantu, ukweba izilimo zabo, ukubenza izigqila noma ukubabulala ukuze bathole umhlaba wabo.

Yiba ngangokunokwenzeka, ukungalingani kwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwenza ukuthi labo ababenokuningi bagcine sebephethe izikhundla zamandla ngaphakathi kwedolobha.Ngenkathi amasiko esakazeka futhi eba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, eba impucuko enkulu eyayizoba yiChina, iMesopotamiya noma iGibhithe, ababusi babo, noma ngabe babengamakhosi, ababusi noma oFaro, mhlawumbe babevela kubalimi abaseNkathi Yethusi ababethole umhlaba ovundile noma babazi indlela yokwenza izikhali ezinhle.

Njengoba siqhubekela phambili kuBronze Age siyabona ukuthi amathuna abantu abaphezulu ayesezingeni eliphezulu futhi egcwele i-trousseau. Zonke izinhlobo zobucwebe bethusi negolide, izindwangu ezibizayo kanye nemihlobiso esetshenzwe kahle kakhulu ngezinye zezinto esingazithola emathuneni alabo, okwakunguye impela, ababengabaholi bezindawo zangaphambi komlando. Ngokuqinisekile babengeyona imiphakathi elinganayo.