Uzungu: Ukungabaza Ukuxaka

“Ukungabaza yonke into noma ukukholelwa yizo zonke izixazululo ezilula ngokulinganayo; zombili ziyeka isidingo sokuzindla, ”kubhala isazi sezibalo sefilosofi sefilosofi sekhulu le-19 uHenri Poincaré ( Isayensi ne-Hypothesis , 1905). Kososayensi, kukhona "ubuhle bokungabaza," njengoba ukungabaza, ukungaqiniseki, nokungabaza okunempilo kubalulekile kunqubo yesayensi (Allison et al., Usosayensi waseMelika , 2018). Isayensi, phela, iqhutshwa "ukuzingela nokuvela okungacacile" (Rozenblit noKeil, Isayensi Yokuqonda , 2002).

Kwesinye isikhathi noma kunjalo, kukhona labo abasebenzisa futhi bakhethe ukungabaza ngokungafanele (Allison et al., 2018; Lewandowsky et al., Isayensi Yezengqondo, 2013). Lezi yizona ama-monger wokungabaza abasebenzisa i- "science against science" ukwenza impikiswano. Babukela phansi ukubaluleka kwesayensi kokungaqiniseki ngokukuphonsela inselelo ngamabomu, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, nalabo abaphika ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu (iGoldberg neVandenberg, Ukubuyekezwa Kwezempilo Kwezemvelo, 2019).

"Ukungabaza kungumkhiqizo wethu" kwaba yimantra yezinkampani zikagwayi (iGoldberg neVandenberg, 2019). Ezinye izimboni zizame ukukhohlisa uhlelo lwezomthetho ngokusebenzisa ukuxilongwa okukhohlisayo (isb., Ukubhekisa ku- "asthma wasemayini" kunesifo esibulalayo "samaphaphu amnyama"); ukuhlanganisa izifundo ezinhle nezifundo ezibuthakathaka; ukuqasha "ochwepheshe" ngezingxabano ezisobala zezintshisekelo noma ama-ajenda abo; ukuphonsa ukungabaza kwenye indawo (isb., ukususa icala kusuka kushukela kuye emafutheni lapho kokubili okweqile kunokuba yingozi); idatha yokukha i-cherry noma ukubamba okutholakele okulimazayo; nokulwa isikhangiso ukuhlaselwa kososayensi abazama ukukhuluma iqiniso emandleni (iGoldberg neVandenberg, 2019).

Imvelo egcwele ukungabaza yindawo evuthiwe yokwakhiwa kwemibono yozungu, ikakhulukazi kumongo we-inthanethi. Manje sesigcwele "ama-cascades wolwazi" (uSunstein noVermeule, Ijenali yefilosofi yezepolitiki , 2009), "i-infodemic," njengoba kunjalo (Teovanovic et al., I-Psychology Yokuqonda Esetshenzisiwe, 2020), lapho "indima yendabuko yokubuka" yabezindaba ingasekho (Ibhotela, Isimo Semibono Yozungu , S. Howe, umhumushi, 2020). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-intanethi isebenza njengohlobo lwe-inthanethi ekamelweni le-echo (Ibhotela, 2020; UWang et al., KomphakathiIsayensi Nemithi , 2019) ukuthi uma isimangalo siphindaphindwa, kulapho kubonakala kunokwethenjelwa, into ebizwa ngokuthi iqiniso elikhohlisayo (Brashier noMashi, Ukubuyekezwa Kwaminyaka Yonke KwePsychology , 2020), futhi lapho iqinisekisa ngokwengeziwe lokho esikholelwa kukho (okungukuthi, ukuchema nesiqinisekiso) . Ukungabaza kuphenduka ukukholelwa.

Iyini inkolelo yetulo? Kuyindlela ye- ukukholelwa ukuthi iqembu linenhloso ethile engathandeki. Imibono yetulo ithathwa njengendawo yonke ngokwesiko, isabalele, futhi ayisiyo eyokugula (van Prooijen novan Vugt, Imibono yeSayensi Yezengqondo, 2018). Esikhundleni somphumela wokugula kwengqondo noma "okungenangqondo okulula," bangakhombisa lokho okubizwa kanjalo i-epistemology ekhubazekile , okungukuthi, imininingwane yokulungisa elinganiselwe (ISunstein neVermeule, 2009).

Imibono yozungu ibisabalele kuwo wonke umlando, noma kunjalo ifika "kumagagasi alandelanayo," evame ukuhlanganiswa ngezikhathi zodlame lomphakathi (Hofstadter, Isitayela seParanoid kwezepolitiki zaseMelika , Uhlelo luka-1965). Uzungu, impela, luyenzeka (isb. Itulo lokubulala uJulius Caesar), kepha muva nje, ukufaka into ethile ithiyori yozungu kunencazelo yokweqa, kuyibeka amabala futhi kuyenze ibe semthethweni (Butter, 2020).

Uzungu lunezithako ezithile: Konke kuxhunyiwe, futhi akukho okwenzekayo ngengozi; izinhlelo zenziwa ngamabomu futhi ziyimfihlo; iqembu labantu liyabandakanyeka; futhi izinhloso ezisolwayo zaleli qembu ziyingozi, ziyasongela, noma ziyakhohlisa (van Prooijen novan Vugt, 2018). Kunokuthambekela kokukhipha imbuzi ngasese futhi wakhe isimo sengqondo esithi "thina-esiphikisana nabo" esingaholela odlameni (uDouglas, Ijenali YaseSpain Yezengqondo , 2021; I-Andrade, Imithi, Ukunakekelwa Kwezempilo kanye nefilosofi, 2020). Amaqhinga akha umqondo, anciphise ukungaqiniseki, futhi agcizelele abantu (i-Butter, 2020).

Isazi sefilosofi uKarl Popper wayengomunye wabokuqala ukusebenzisa leli gama ngomqondo wanamuhla lapho ebhala "ngephutha" uzungu umbono womphakathi , okungukuthi noma yikuphi okubi okwenzekayo (isb., impi, ubumpofu, ukungasebenzi) kungumphumela oqondile wezinhlelo zabantu abakhohlakele (Popper, I-Open Society kanye nezitha zayo , 1945). Empeleni, kusho uPopper, kukhona "imiphumela engahlosiwe yomphakathi" evela ku ngamabomu izenzo zabantu.

Endabeni yakhe esezingeni eliphezulu manje, uHofstadter ubhale ukuthi abanye abantu bane isitayela se-paranoid ngendlela ababona ngayo umhlaba. Usihlukanise lesi sitayela, esibonwa kubantu abajwayelekile, kulabo abanikezwa ukuxilongwa kwengqondo ngengqondo, yize noma bobabili bevame "ukushisa ngokweqile, abasolisayo, abanolaka ngokweqile, abakhulu, nababhubhayo."

Umuntu okhathazeka ngokwempilo yakhe, nokho, ubona umhlaba "onobutha nozungu" ngokumelene naye ngqo, kanti labo abanesitayela se-paranoid bakubona kubhekiswe endleleni yokuphila noma esizweni sonke. Labo abanesitayela se-paranoid bangaqongelela ubufakazi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi "esibucayi", benza "ukugxuma okwakhayo kwemicabango," okungukuthi, "... kusuka kokungenakuphikwa kuye kokungakholeki" (Hofstadter, 1965). Ngaphezu kwalokho, labo abakholelwa kumcabango owodwa wozungu bakhona ukukholelwa kokunye, ngisho nabangahlobene (van Prooijen no van Vugt, 2018).

Uma nje imibono yetulo selibambekile, "kunzima ngokungadingekile ukubukela phansi" futhi babe nekhwalithi "yokuzivala": Okuyinhloko yabo ukuthi "bamelana kakhulu nokulungiswa" (uSunstein noVermeule, 2009). "Indoda enenkolelo iyindoda enzima ukuyishintsha. Mtshele ukuthi awuvumelani bese iyafulathela ... Yenza isikhalazo kumqondo ohlulekayo ukubona iphuzu lakho," kubhala izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo yezenhlalakahle uStanley Schachter noLeon Festinger esifundweni sabo esimangazayo esasibandakanya ngokungena ngaphakathi kweqembu elinabaholi balo, bexwayiswa ngemilayezo ethunyelwe "izidalwa eziphakeme" ezivela kwenye iplanethi, baprofetha ngesimo sokuphela komhlaba. Ngenkathi bebhekene "nobufakazi obungenakuphikwa obungaqiniseki," labo abaseqenjini ababenokwesekwa komphakathi ngabanye banciphisa ukungajabuli kwabo nokungakhululeki kwabo ngokwenza izizathu zokuthi kungani ukubikezela kwabo kungenzekanga futhi empeleni "bakhulisa ukuqiniseka kwabo," kufaka phakathi ngisho nokushisekela ukufuna abaguquliwe abasha ( UFestinger et al., Lapho Isiprofetho Sehluleka , 1956).

Kungani imibono yetulo iphikisana kangaka nokukhohliswa? Singa ukuhlupheka kwengqondo: Abaningi bethu bavame ukusabela ngokucabanga kunoku ngokukhombisa futhi uvikele ukucabanga ngokuhlaziya ngoba kunzima ukwenza njalo (uPennycook neRandi, Ijenali Yobuntu , 2020). Sivame ukubheka izincazelo eziyimbangela bese sithola incazelo namaphethini emicimbini engahleliwe njengendlela yokuzizwa siphephile ngaphakathi kwemvelo yethu (UDouglas et al., Imikhombandlela yamanje kwi-Psychological Science , 2017). Ngaphezu kwalokho, sithambekele ekucabangeni ukuthi siqonda umhlaba "ngemininingwane ebanzi kakhulu, ukuhambisana nokujula okukhulu" - kubizwa ngokuthi i- inkohliso yokujula okuchazayo— kunalokho esikwenzayo (Rozenblit noKeil, 2002).

Ngezansi: Imibono yetulo iye yaba khona kuwo wonke umlando futhi ikuyo yonke indawo. Labo abakholwayo abaphazanyiswa ngokungenangqondo noma ngokwengqondo, kepha ukukholelwa kubo kungaholela odlameni, ukwenza izinto zibe munye, kanye nomqondo "wethu wokuphikisana nabo". Muva nje, bathathe isichazamazwi esikhulukazi. Isidingo sethu somuntu sokubona amaphethini emicimbini engahleliwe kanye nobunzima lapho kungekho khona kusenza sithambekele ekuthonyeni kwabo.

Ukukholelwa emibonweni yozungu kuqinile futhi ikakhulukazi akuvikeleki ekulungisweni. I-intanethi yakha ikamelo lama-echo lapho ukuphindaphinda kudala inkohliso yeqiniso. Kulesi simo, noma ikuphi ukungabaza kungenzeka kuphenduke inkolelo.

Sibonga ngokukhethekile kuDkt David B. Allison, uDini weSikole Sezempilo Yomphakathi, e-Indiana University, eBloomington, ngokunaka izingcaphuno zikaPoincaré.