Ilukuluku: Amandla ethu amakhulu Wakho Konke

“Anginawo amathalente akhethekile. Ngifisa ukwazi kuphela. ” —U-Albert Einstein

Ngo-2007, iNew York City yenze okuthile okuqhakazile, okwasebenza ngempumelelo enkulu kangangokuba sekuyindawo ejwayelekile ezweni lonke: Ifake ukufika kwezitimela "amawashi abala phansi" eziteshini eziningi ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba nezitimela. Ngabe bekufanele ukutshalwa okungaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama- $ 17.6? Uyabheja.

Idolobha lalazi okuthile ngokuthi silufunda kanjani futhi salusebenzisa kanjani lolu lwazi ukunciphisa izingqondo zethu nokuhamba kwethu. Manje, isayensi entsha yelukuluku lembula ukuthi singakudlulisela kanjani lokhu phambili. Ukuqonda nje ukuthi ubuchopho bethu bufuna ukwazi kanjani kungasisiza sisebenzise lawo mandla okwengeza kakhulu ukufunda, ukugqashula imikhuba emibi, futhi nokuphila impilo enenjabulo, ethembisanayo.

Kepha ilukuluku alikaze libonwe njengamandla amakhulu. Abanye baphoqe ilukuluku lokuthi yini eyaxosha u-Adamu no-Eva eNsimini yase-Edene. Ngawo-1600, uThomas Hobbes, isazi sefilosofi esidumile, wachaza ilukuluku ngokuthi “inkanuko yengqondo,” futhi uBlaise Pascal wanezela ukuthi ilukuluku “liyize” kuphela.

Kodwa-ke, ilukuluku liyikhono esizalwa nalo, elemvelo, nelomhlaba wonke sonke esinalo, futhi ukwazi ukuthi kusebenza kanjani ngokubuka kwe-neurobiological kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuvuselela ukuthakazelisa kwethu okufana nengane futhi sithinte amandla alo.

Ilukuluku liza ngezinhlobo ezimbili zokunambitheka: okumnandi nokungathandeki

Ngo-2005, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uJordan Litman saqamba “ukunambitheka” okubili okuyinhloko kwelukuluku, akubiza nge-I-curiosity ne-D-curiosity. I-ilukuluku limele "intshisekelo," izici ezijabulisayo zendlala yolwazi, kuyilapho i-D-ilukuluku imele "ukuncishwa," umqondo wokuthi uma sinegebe lolwazi, singena kokungaphumuli, okungathandeki, nesidingo -azi isimo.

Ngamanye amagama, ilukuluku — ukushayela kwethu ulwazi — kungadala isimo esihle noma kwehlise isimo sokuyekethisa.

Ake sithathe isibonelo. Uyakhumbula ngesikhathi sakho sokugcina ubukele i-TV, ukhohlwa igama lomlingisi esikrinini, futhi wezwa ukukhululeka ngemuva kokuzihlanganisa nabo? Yilokho-D-ilukuluku lakho. Uhlangabezana nalokhu lapho uluma ukuhlola umbhalo phakathi nomhlangano. Lowo mlilo wokungaqiniseki odala ukuthi ifoni yakho ishise imbobo ephaketheni lakho ucishwa ngokuzumayo lapho ubona ukuthi ngubani okuthumele imiyalezo.

Lokhu kwehliswa kokungaqiniseki — ingcindezi yokungazi - yisona sizathu esenza iNew York City ifake izimpawu zedijithali ohlelweni olungaphansi komhlaba. Okuxakayo ukuthi abantu bakhetha ukwazi ukuthi isitimela esilandelayo siqhele ngemizuzu engu-15 kunokuthi bangazi ukuthi kusasele imizuzu emibili nje kuphela. Yebo, ubuchopho bethu buhlanya kanjalo.

I-ilukuluku, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lihlaselwa lapho siba nentshisekelo yokufunda kabanzi ngesihloko esithile. Lokhu kwehlukile kunokugcwalisa ukusilela (njengakwi-D-ilukuluku), ngoba bekungekho kushoda lapho kwasekuqaleni. Lapho sihlola imvelo noma sifunda okuthile okusha, alikho iphuzu elithile esizama ukulifinyelela. Sijabulela nje uhambo lokufunda kabanzi. Ukuthakazelisa i-I-ilukuluku kuma-steroids.

Ngakho-ke, kungani sinelukuluku kwasekuqaleni? Kuvela ukuthi ilukuluku lakha ezindleleni zokufunda ezilondoloziwe, ezisuselwa kumvuzo ebuchosheni bethu.

Ukufunda okususelwa kumvuzo kuncike ekuqiniseni okuhle nokubi. Ufuna ukwenza okuningi kwezinto ezizizwa kukuhle futhi kuncane kwezinto ezizizwa kabi. Emuva ezinsukwini ze-caveman, lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekusisizeni ukuthola ukudla (ukuzizwa kahle) nokugwema ingozi (ukuzizwa kabi).

Lokhu kungenzeka futhi nangelukuluku.

Umbono wokuthi ilukuluku lihambisana nokufunda okususelwa kumvuzo kusekelwe ngumzimba ocwaningayo okhulayo. Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguMatthias Gruber nozakwabo eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia uDavis lwenze abafundi babuyekeza uhlu lwemibuzo ye-trivia futhi balinganisa izinga labo lokufuna ukwazi ekufundeni impendulo.

Ekufuneni okukhulu, izindlela ze-dopamine ebuchosheni zishiswe ngamandla, futhi kwakukhona ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwezikhungo zemivuzo ne-hippocampus, indawo yobuchopho ehambisana nenkumbulo. Inani eliphakeme labafundi labaqhakambisa ukwazi ukukhumbula imininingwane eyengeziwe — hhayi nje izimpendulo zemibuzo yabo engahlelekile.

Olunye ucwaningo olwenziwe nguTommy Blanchard nozakwabo babheka i-orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), noma izifunda ezihambisana nenani lomvuzo, elinikeza inani lezinto ezahlukahlukene (cabanga nge-broccoli vs. ushokoledi). Eqinisweni, ezifundweni zezinkawu, ithimba likaBlanchard lithole ukuthi ama-primates ayezimisele ukudela imivuzo njengokuthola amanzi okuphuza lapho bomele ulwazi.

Ngokubambisana, lezi zifundo ziphakamisa ukuthi isisho esithi "ukomela ulwazi" empeleni singaphezu kokuqhathanisa. Ilukuluku lilandela izindlela ezifanayo eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha njengokufunda okususelwa kumvuzo futhi linenani lomvuzo langempela ebuchosheni.

Ukunambitheka okuhlukile, imivuzo ehlukile, imiphumela ehlukile

“Ukunambitheka” ngakunye kwelukuluku kunokunambitheka okuhlukile. Ziwa ezigabeni ezehlukene ngokwendlela ezizizwa ngayo emizimbeni yethu — ukuswela kuzizwa kuvaliwe, futhi inzalo izwa ivulekile. Kuthiwani ngesakhiwo sabo semivuzo esishayela lezi zimilo? Ngokulangazelela kokuncishwa, ukuthola impendulo kunomvuzo, kepha ngentshisekelo, inqubo yokuba nelukuluku izwa kamnandi.

Lokhu kubalulekile ngezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, ngentshisekelo, asidingi okuthile okungaphandle kwethu ukuthola umklomelo — kunomvuzo omkhulu — futhi okwesibili, ngenxa yalokhu, akupheli.

Imithombo yezokuxhumana iyisibonelo esihle lapho singangena kuzo zombili izinhlobo zelukuluku. Kungenzeka ukuthi sihamba ngokungacabangi, noma sikusebenzisa ngendlela esebenzayo ukuze sifunde izinto ezintsha. Uma singanaki, singahle singaboni ukuthi sicisha phakathi kwalokhu okubili: ukuskrola size sithole okuthokozisayo esingakufunda.

Ngakho-ke, singalusebenzisa kanjani lolu lwazi ukukhulisa ukufunda okuqhutshwa ilukuluku? Njengoba ososayensi njengami bethanda ukukwenza, lokhu kungabanjiswa ngesimo sejika elijikijelwe elimise okwe-U. Cabanga ilukuluku kwi-eksisi eqondile nolwazi ku-eksisi evundlile. Ngolwazi oluncane kakhulu, ilukuluku liphansi kakhulu. Njengoba siqala ukuthola ulwazi, ilukuluku liyakhuphuka futhi ekugcineni kube ngamathafa. Njengoba sithola ulwazi olwengeziwe, ilukuluku liyancipha, ngoba izikhala zolwazi sezigcwalisiwe.

Beka ngenye indlela, ilukuluku libukeka lilandela umthetho weGoldilocks maqondana nolwazi. Ukungaqiniseki okuncane kakhulu ngokuthile kwehluleka ukuvusa ilukuluku; ukungaqiniseki okuningi kuvusa ukukhathazeka. Ukuthola indawo emnandi yelukuluku kudinga ukuhlala phezu kwejika elimise okwenziwe njengo-U nokuba nemininingwane eyanele yokugcina ilukuluku.

Sebenzisa ilukuluku lokushintsha umkhuba nokufunda

Iningi lethu lisondela kithi nezwe nge-D-ilukuluku, njengenkinga okufanele ixazululwe. Kepha sonke sisendaweni efanelekile yokwakha nokugcina ilukuluku mayelana nezingqondo zethu. Olunye ulwazi, njengokufunda ngokwakhiwa kwemikhuba ngokukhomba imivuzo, lungasisiza ukuthi sibe nentshisekelo futhi lusikhombe ngendlela efanele yokugcwalisa izikhala.

Izifundo zesayensi ezivela ebhodini lami nakwabanye abaningi zibeke izisekelo eziyisisekelo zendlela imikhuba eyakheka ngayo, okuwulwazi olwanele ukukubeka endaweni emnandi ukuze ube nelukuluku lokwazi kwakho (bheka le nkulumo yemizuzu eyi-10 ye-TED ngesifinyezo) . Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise ubuhlakani bokwazi kahle ukuthi ingqondo yakho isebenza kanjani ukuze ukwazi ukusebenza nayo. Cishe usuvele ubona ukuthi lokhu kukunika amandla okuhlala kanjani phezulu kulelo curve elimise okwe-U-ukuthola ukwazi ngokwengeziwe ngemikhuba yakho, kanye nokufuna ukwazi ukuthi yini ongayifunda lapho ubanjwa ngumkhuba wokujwayela .

Njengoba u-Einstein asho, “Ukufuna ukwazi kunesizathu sakho sokuba khona. Umuntu angavele asabe lapho ecabanga ngezimfihlakalo zaphakade, zempilo, zesakhiwo esimangalisayo seqiniso. Kwanele uma umuntu ezama nje ukuqonda okuncane kwale mfihlakalo usuku ngalunye. Ungalokothi ulahlekelwe ilukuluku elingcwele. ”

Bona ukuthi ungaqala yini ukubeka umkhuba wokufuna ukwazi ngayo yonke into njengendlela yokuphila impilo ecebile nenelisekile, ukuhlola impilo umzuzwana ngamunye.