Ngabe Izinguquko Kwezemvelo Zichaza Ukwanda Kokutholakala Kwe-Autism?

Ukukhuphuka kokuxilongwa kwe-autism bekulokhu kuzinzile futhi kuyamangaza. Ngawo-1960, cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-10 000 kwatholakala ukuthi une-autism. Namuhla, ingane eyodwa kwezingu-54 inalesi sifo, ngokusho kweCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. Futhi ukwanda kwe-U.S kukhonjiswa emazweni emhlabeni jikelele.

Yini ebangela lokhu kwanda? Ososayensi baphikisana kakhulu ngendima yezakhi zofuzo, imvelo, nezinguquko ekutheni lesi sifo sitholakala kanjani. Emzamweni wakamuva wokuhlukanisa le micu, abacwaningi banqume ukuthi ukusimama kwamathonya ezakhi zofuzo nezemvelo kunomthelela ekuguqulweni kwemikhuba yokuxilonga nokwandisa ukuqwashisa njengamandla okungenzeka aguquke.

"Isilinganiso se-autism esiyizakhi zofuzo nezemvelo siyashintshashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi," kusho uMark Taylor, umcwaningi omkhulu e-Karolinska Institutet eSweden futhi ongumholi wombhali wocwaningo. "Yize ukwanda kwe-autism kukhuphuke kakhulu, lolu cwaningo alunikezi ubufakazi bokuthi kungenxa yokuthi kube noshintsho oluthile kwezemvelo."

UTaylor nozakwabo bahlaziye amasethi amabili emininingwane evela emawele: iSweden Twin Registry, eyayilandela ukuxilongwa kwe-autism spectrum disorder kusukela ngo-1982 kuya ku-2008, kanye ne-Child and Adolescent Twin Study eSweden, eyayilinganisa izilinganiso zabazali zezimpawu ze-autistic kusukela ngo-1992 kuya ku-2008. Ngokubili idatha yayihlanganisa cishe amawele angamawele angama-38,000.

Abaphenyi bahlole umehluko phakathi kwamawele afanayo (abelana ngamaphesenti ayi-100 e-DNA yabo) namawele omndeni (abelana ngamaphesenti angama-50 e-DNA yabo) ukuqonda ukuthi izimpande ze-autism nezakhi zemvelo ziguquke kangakanani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Futhi ufuzo ludlala indima ebucayi ku-autism— okunye ukulinganisela kubeka ukulinganiselwa kumaphesenti angama-80.

Njengoba ososayensi babika kulo magazini I-JAMA Psychiatry, iminikelo yezofuzo nezemvelo ayizange iguquke kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abaphenyi bayaqhubeka nokuphenya izinto zemvelo ezingathinteka ku-autism, njengokutheleleka komama ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, isifo sikashukela, nomfutho wegazi ophezulu. Ucwaningo lwamanje alunikeli ngezici ezithile ezingavumelekile kepha kunalokho lukhombisa ukuthi alunasibopho sokwanda kokuxilongwa.

Lokhu okutholakele kunanela izifundo zangaphambilini ezafika esiphethweni esifanayo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ucwaningo olulodwa lwango-2011, ngokwesibonelo, lwahlola abantu abadala abanezinhlolovo eziqinisekisiwe futhi banquma ukuthi awukho umehluko ophawulekayo ekusakazekeni kwe-autism phakathi kwezingane nabantu abadala.

Iminyaka yobaba bobaba ivame ukuxoxwa njengengozi yobungozi be-autism. Iminyaka yobaba inyusa amathuba okuvela kokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okuzenzekelayo, okubizwa nge-de novo noma i-germline mutations, okungaba neqhaza ku-autism. Futhi iminyaka lapho amadoda eba ngobaba ikhuphukile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: E-US, ngokwesibonelo, isilinganiso sobudala sikayise sikhuphukile sisuka ku-27.4 saya ku-30.9 phakathi kuka-1972 no-2015. UJohn Constantino, uprofesa wezifo zengqondo kanye nezingane kanye nomqondisi obambisene weIntellectual and Developmental Disability Research Center eWashington University School of Medicine eSaint Louis.

“Manje sithola ukuthi i-autism iphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi kuya kwezingama-50 ngaphezu kwaleso esasinaso eminyakeni engama-25 edlule. Ukuthuthuka esikhathini sikababa kubanga cishe iphesenti elilodwa lalokho, ”kusho uConstantino. Ithonya leminyaka yobuzali ekukhubazekeni kokukhula kufanele lithathwe ngokungathi sína, uma kubhekwa ukuthi ushintsho oluncane lusenomqondo esimweni sabantu emhlabeni jikelele, uyaphawula. Akulandisi nje ukuthambekela kukonke.

Uma izici zofuzo nezemvelo zihlala zingaguquguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amashifu amasiko nokuxilonga kumele abhekane nokwanda kwesifo, kusho uTaylor. Yomibili imindeni kanye nabelaphi namuhla kungenzeka bazi kakhulu i-autism nezimpawu zayo kunasemashumini eminyaka adlule, okwenza ukuthi ukuxilongwa kube lula kakhulu.

Izinguquko ezindleleni zokuxilonga nazo zidlala indima. Odokotela bathola izimo zempilo yengqondo ngokuya ngemibandela echazwe kwi-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Uhlobo lwangaphambi konyaka ka-2013, i-DSM-IV, ibiqukethe imikhakha emithathu: i-autistic disorder, i-Asperger's disorder, kanye nesifo esigcwele sokukhula esingachaziwe ngenye indlela. I-iteration yamanje, i-DSM-5, ingena esikhundleni salezo zigaba ngokuxilongwa okukodwa okubanzi: i-autism spectrum disorder.

Ukwakha ilebula lokuhlanganisa izimo ebezikade zingahlangani kudinga ulimi olunwebekayo, kuchaza uLaurent Mottron, uprofesa wezifo zengqondo e-University of Montreal. Izinguquko ezinjalo emibhalweni kungenzeka ziholele ekutheni abantu abengeziwe bathole ukuxilongwa kwe-autism.

Lolu shintsho lubeka i-autism eduze nendlela isayensi nemithi ezibona ngayo ezinye izimo eziningi, kusho uConstantino. "Uma uhlola isibalo sonke sabantu ngezimpawu ze-autism, bawela ekhoneni lensimbi, njengokuphakama noma isisindo noma umfutho wegazi," kusho uConstantino. Incazelo yamanje ye-autism ayisabekelwe amacala abucayi kakhulu; yamukela nezicashile futhi.