Izakhi zofuzo, umjaho kanye ne-IQ futhi — Hawu!

Ekuqaleni kwencwadi yakhe, uWade usebenzisa amakhasi amaningi echaza uhlangothi olumnyama lobandlululo kanye nama-eugenics, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi siyazi ukuthi uyazi ukuthi usezodlala ngomlilo. Ube eseqinisekisa ukuthi manje sesikhulile ngokwanele futhi siyazi ngobungozi besifundo ukuphothula iziqu kuma-20 ^th Umzabalazo wekhulu leminyaka wokulwa nobandlululo oholwa izibalo ezinjengo-anthropologist uFranz Boas. Sesikulungele ukungena ezingxoxweni zesayensi ezingagunci ezivuma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izinhlanga ezahlukahlukene ziguquke ngezindlela ezehlukene phakathi neminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha kusukela osokhokho baseYurophu, e-East Asians, ePacific Islanders, e-Amerindians nakwabanye bashiya i-Afrika.

Impikiswano kaWade yokuthi abantu bezifunda namasiko ahlukene kungenzeka banezilinganiso ezahlukahlukene zezinsiza zofuzo ezibalahla ekukhuleni kwamakhono ahlukene okuqonda noma ukuthambekela maqondana nokusebenza kanzima, ukuzithokozisa okubambezelekile, nodlame, akuyona into yasekuqaleni futhi ayiphikiswa. Ukuthi isimo somuntu esimile futhi esifananayo savela ngaphambi kokuba abantu banamuhla basabalale e-Afrika, ngenkulungwane eyizinkulungwane eyalandela enikeza isikhathi esanele soguquko olukhulu olwenzekile, kusobala ukuthi kunzima ukuvikela i-priori njengoba isikhathi esiningi besanele ngokwanele ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo zezinye izici, kufaka phakathi ikhono lokugaya i-lactose ngaphezu kobuntwana (okubangelwa ukuguquguquka okuhlukile ngokwehlukana eYurophu nase-sub-Saharan Africa), noma umthamo wamaphaphu owandisiwe wokuhlala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezitholakala kumaTibetan nakubantu base-Andes. Ososayensi bathole izintambo eziningi zekhodi yezofuzo ezisebenza njengezinkomba ezinhle zesifunda okhokho ababehlala kuso ngaphambi kokunyuka okwandayo kwabantu abeza ngokunqotshwa kweYurophu nokuhlola okuqala ngo-15 ^th Ikhulu leminyaka. Futhi umuntu angakhomba ezimweni ezahlukahlukene lapho izici zokuziphatha zibe yisinkwa ezinhlotsheni ezifuywayo phakathi kwenani elincane lezizukulwane.

Kepha okwamanje abukho ubufakazi obuphathekayo bokuthi noma yiziphi izintambo ze-DNA ezihlonziwe ezahlukile kumvamisa phakathi kwabantu ziveza ukuthambekela kokuziphatha okuhlukile noma amakhono okuqonda. Ngaphandle kwesimo sezifo ezithile zofuzo, usizo lokwehluka kwezintambo ze-DNA njengabamaki kuze kube manje alwehlukile kunalolo lwezigxivizo zeminwe, ezihluka kumuntu nomuntu kepha azihumushi ngokungafani kwekhono lokusebenzisa ifoni noma ukudlala upiyano. Ngakho-ke umuntu ofundile ngokwesayensi oziphonsa encwadini kaWade, njengoba ngenzile, elindele ingxoxo ngobufakazi obusha bokuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo kwezobunhloli nezindlela zokuziphatha esifundeni, uzomangala — anikezwe ukupakisha kwencwadi — ukuthola ukungabikho kwayo ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni salokho, le ncwadi imane inikeze impikiswano ethathe isikhathi eside yokuthi kungani umuntu engeke akhiphe ithuba lokuthi kungenzeka kube khona izisekelo zofuzo kokwehluka okufundwe kakhulu phakathi kwamalungu amasiko ehlukene, kuhambisana nezinsolo zokuthi ubufakazi bukhona vele, nezinsolo zokuthi labo abaphika lokhu bangamagwala obuhlakani. Lezi zinsolo kungenzeka ukuthi zazifanelekile uma uWade ebenobufakazi bangempela bezofuzo noma bokulungela ukwethula. Njengoba lokho kungenjalo, futhi njengoba futhi futhi uWade ephonsa kaningi isexwayiso emoyeni, njengalapho eqinisekisa ukuthi kunezinhlanga ezintathu ezinkulu (sengathi abantu base-Afrika babefana kakhulu ngokofuzo kunalezo zomhlaba wonke, kanti isayensi isekela umbono ophambene impela), umuntu uphoqeleka ukuthi aphethe ngokuthi isibindi sikaWade esibonakala sengathi simane nje siwukuxegiswa kwamazinga esayensi ngenhloso yokuthengisa izincwadi.

Lokhu kubi impela, ngoba uWade unikeza ukufundwa okuthokozisayo kwemilando yamasiko nokuhlangana kwawo nemiphumela yezomnotho, eyeqa kakhulu ngezimpikiswano zokuthi umehluko ekuguqukeni kokuqala kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo kuchaza kanjani ukungalingani kwemali engenayo ezifundeni zomhlaba namuhla ukuthi kufakwe encwadini yami Okuhle, Okubi Nomnotho . Izahluko zakamuva zaleyo ncwadi zethula abafundi abangabafundi ezincwadini ezikhulayo zezomnotho ngokuthi umehluko ekuguqukeni kwemiphakathi esikhathini eside esizayo, ikakhulukazi umehluko esikhathini nobubanzi bokusabalala nokuxhumana phakathi kwempucuko esekwe kwezolimo, kunqume umehluko ezifundeni zomhlaba ezandulela inkathi yamakoloni, nokuthi leyo nkathi yabeka kanjani inkundla emashumini eminyaka amuva nje okwehlukahlukana kwezomnotho okwehlukile. Yize ingxoxo enkulu kaWade ivusa amadlingozi, uma ibhekwa njengokubuyekezwa kwemibono mayelana nokuphikelela kwendawo kwamasiko ehlukene amasiko nokusetshenziswa kwawo okungenzeka kube khona ukungalingani kwezomnotho emhlabeni, ngeshwa uphuthelwa yizo zonke izincwadi ezifanele kwezomnotho, ngaphandle kokuthi kufakwe omunye kuleso sigaba incwadi ehlobene kodwa enenkinga ethi Kungani Izizwe Zihluleka. ababhali nami bathi osomnotho, ngaphandle kukaClark, bebelokhu beshaya indiva ukuthi ukwehluka kwezimfanelo ezidluliswa ezizukulwaneni kuthinta kanjani ukungalingani komhlaba wonke, bekungeke kudlule ukuhlolwa phakathi kwabahambele kabusha imihlangano yezikhulu zezomnotho ngesihloko.

Ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini ukudluliswa kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokwedluliswa kwamasiko okufaka isandla ekuphikeleni okumangazayo kwezici phakathi kwamaqembu ezizwe noma ezizwe ezizukulwaneni eziningi ngumbuzo othinta ingqondo ososayensi abazodinga ukuwuhlola ngokunakekela njengoba ubufakazi obufanele buqala ukutholakala. Ngeshwa, ukuphelelwa yisineke kukaWade ukubona lo mbuzo ubandakanyekile kungenzeka kubuyise inkambu emuva ngokudlala ngombono wokuthi ngisho nokuxoxa ngesihloko ukuzibonisa ukuthi ungumkhohlisi. Njengoba bungekho ubufakazi obunzima bokuthi kukhona okubalulekile encwadini kaWade, ake siqhubeke, futhi ngokwenza njalo, masikhumbule ukuthi umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu lapha ukuthi amalungu amaqembu abencishwe amathuba ngumlando angaqinisa kanjani amakhono abo ukuze sabelane ngempumelelo enkulu ezinzuzweni ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinhlobo zokuhlela eseziqalile ukusenza sitholakale kithi sonke.

* Bheka eyami ethi “Kungani Izizwe Zifeyila nokuthi Kungani Ukutshala imali Kubantu kuyisidingo Esibalulekile Sokwakha Zombili Izikhungo Eziqinile Neminotho Enamandla,” ku-http: //betterworldeconomy.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/why-nations-fail futhi-futhi-kungani-ke-ukutshala-imali-kubantu-kuyisidingo sangaphambili sokwakha-zombili-izinhlangano-eziqinile-kanye-namandla-ezomnotho / kanye nokubuyekeza kwami ​​incwadi ephephabhukwini i-Economic Development and Cultural Shintsha.

* * Bheka uSpolaore noWacziarg, “Zijule Kangakanani Izimbangela Zentuthuko Yezomnotho?” ku-Journal of Economic Literature, 2013, ku-http: //www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty_pages/romain.wacziarg/downloads/roots.pdf.