Izinzuzo Zezempilo Akunakwenzeka Ngisho Nasemishadweni Emide Kunayo Yonke

Kuyingxenye yokuhlakanipha okuvamile ukuthi abantu abashadayo baba nempilo enhle kunangesikhathi bengashadile. Kodwa ingabe kunjalo ngempela? Ku “Ingabe umshado uyayivikela impilo? Ukuqhathaniswa kweqoqo lokuzalwa, ”ucwaningo olushicilelwe kule nyanga ngo Isayensi Yezenhlalo Ngekota , isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uDmitry Tumin usinikeza impendulo egculisayo yalowo mbuzo. Uhlolisise imishado yamadoda neyabesifazane, imishado yabantu abazalwa emashumini amathathu ahlukene (1955-1964; 1965-1974; kanye no-1975-1984), nabantu ababeshade iminyaka emithathu ehlukene (kuze kube yiminyaka emi-4; Iminyaka emi-5 kuye kwengu-9; neminyaka eyi-10 noma ngaphezulu). Cishe kuzo zonke izimo, impendulo yombuzo obalulekile - ngabe abantu abashadayo baba nempilo engcono kunalokho ababenakho ngesikhathi bengashadile? - kwakungekho.

Ababambe iqhaza kwakungabantu abadala abangu-12,373 abavela kwiPhaneli Study of Income Dynamics. Kulolo cwaningo, amalungu emindeni kulo lonke elase-U.S abika impilo yawo ephindelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Impilo yezingane zabo esezikhulile nayo yalandelelwa ngemuva kokushiya kwakhe imindeni yabo. Ababambiqhaza bachaze impilo yabo ejwayelekile esikalini samaphoyinti ama-5 esukela kokuhle kakhulu kuye kokuncane. Yize abantu abangashadile impilo yabo yonke bafakiwe kokunye ukuhlaziywa, impendulo eyindida kunayo yonke embuzweni wokuthi ukushada kuyithuthukisa yini impilo yavela ngaphambi nangemva kokuqhathanisa abantu ababengashadile nababe sebeshadile.

Ngabe Abantu Abashada Bathola Impilo Engcono? Impendulo Cishe Njalo Cha

Ukunquma ukuthi abantu abashadayo baba nempilo engcono yini kunangesikhathi bengashadile, bonke abantu abake bashada kufanele bafakwe ekuhlaziyweni. Ocwaningweni lukaSolwazi Tumin, kuphela iqembu elikhethiwe labantu abashadile elifakiwe - labo ababesemshadweni wabo wokuqala. Noma ngubani owashada wabe esehlukanisa wayengafakwanga esifundweni. Lokho kusho ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluchemile ekutholeni okutholakele okuhle mayelana nanoma yiziphi izinzuzo ezingaba khona zezempilo zomshado.

Yize noma kuphela iqembu elikhethiwe lemishado lalisuswe phezulu kweqembu layo yonke imishado, lokho kwakunganele ukuletha ubufakazi obukhomba ukuthi ukushada kwenza abantu babe nempilo enhle kunangesikhathi bengashadile.

Okokuqala, cabanga ngemiphumela yamadoda:

• Amadoda abeseshade isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emine bebengaphilile kunangesikhathi bengashadile. Ngenkathi kuqhathaniswa imiphumela yamaqembu amathathu ahlukene, kwakungekho bufakazi benkolelo esabalele yokuthi ukushada kusho ukuthola impilo. Ukushada akuzange kuholele empilweni engcono yamadoda azalwe eminyakeni eyishumi eqala ngo-1955, noma kulabo abazalwa eminyakeni eyishumi eqala ngo-1965, noma kulabo abazalwa eminyakeni eyishumi kusukela ngo-1975.
• Amadoda abeshade phakathi kweminyaka emi-5 nengu-9 bebengekho impilo engcono kunangesikhathi bengashadile. Futhi, bekungekho bufakazi beminye imiphumela ezuzisayo yezempilo yokushada lapho kuhlolisiswa amaqoqo amathathu ahlukene.
• Amadoda ayeseshade iminyaka eyi-10 noma ngaphezulu ayengeyona impilo engcono kunangesikhathi bengashadile. Futhi, azikho izinzuzo zezempilo zomshado ezingakhishwa kumininingwane ngokubheka ngokwehlukana kumaqembu amadala, wesibili amadala, noma amancane kunawo wonke amadoda.

Kafushane, umshado wenza lutho ngempilo yamadoda.

Manje cabanga ngemiphumela yabesifazane:

• Abesifazane abebeshade isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emine bebengekho impilo engcono kunangesikhathi bengashadile. Lapho imiphumela yalaba bahlanganyeli abathathu beqhathaniswa, kwakungakabi bikho ubufakazi bokuhlakanipha okuvamile kokuthi ukushada kusho ukuthola impilo. Ukushada akuzange kuholele empilweni engcono kubantu besifazane abazalwa eminyakeni eyishumi eqala ngo-1955, noma eminyakeni eyishumi eqala ngo-1965, noma eminyakeni eyishumi eqala ngo-1975.
• Abesifazane abebeshade phakathi kweminyaka emihlanu nengu-9 bebengekho impilo engcono kunangesikhathi bengashadile. Futhi, babungekho ubufakazi bokuthi iyiphi imiphumela ezuzisayo yezempilo yokushada lapho kuhlolisiswa amaqoqo amathathu ahlukene.
• Abesifazane ababeshade iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu babephile saka kunangesikhathi bengashadile - umphumela obalulekile ngokwezibalo, kodwa omncane. Kwenzeka into ethokozisayo, kepha lapho ukubhekwa kokushada kubhekwe ngakunye kwalaba bahlanganyeli abathathu: Ukutholwa okuphelele ukuthi abesifazane abashada okokuqala bese behlala emshadweni okungenani iminyaka eyishumi baba nempilo kancane kunalokho ababeyikho ngenkathi ongashadile. Kepha lokho bekuyiqiniso kuphela kwabesifazane abadala kunabo bonke (labo abazalwa phakathi kuka-1955 no-1964). Kwabesifazane abaseqenjini eliphakathi (abazalwa phakathi kuka-1965 no-1974), kwakungekho nzuzo yezempilo noma yini. Kwabesifazane abancane kunabo bonke (abazalwa phakathi kuka-1975 no-1984), imiphumela yayihlukile: Abesifazane abashada okokuqala futhi bahlala beshadile okungenani iminyaka eyishumi bathambekele ekubeni nempilo encane kunangesikhathi bengashadile, yize ukutholwa bekungabalulekanga ngokwezibalo.

Kafushane, kukho konke ukuhlaziywa ngaphandle koyedwa, umshado wenza lutho ngempilo yabesifazane . Okuhlukile kwaba ngabesifazane ababeshade okokuqala okungenani iminyaka eyishumi. Babenempilo encane ngemuva kokushada kunakuqala - kodwa kuphela uma bevela eqenjini elidala labesifazane. Phakathi kweqoqo elincane kunazo zonke, abesifazane abanemishado emide kakhulu bathambekele ekubeni kancane Ngaphansi bephilile kunangesikhathi bengakashadi. ( Ukuthola okuningi ngokungefani kobulili, bona "Kuyiqiniso yini ukuthi abesifazane abangashadile nabesilisa abashadile benza okusemandleni?" )

Kokunye ukuhlaziywa, abantu abashadile baqhathaniswa nabantu abangashadile impilo yonke. Futhi, abantu abashadile babandakanya kuphela labo bantu ababeshade okokuqala njengamanje — hhayi noma ngubani owashada wabe esehlukanisa. Ngakho-ke futhi, indlela yokusebenza yanikeza ngokungafanele inzuzo emshadweni. Njengoba umbhali avumile, kulezi zinhlobo zokuhlaziya, abantu abashadile nabangashadile bahluka ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ngaphandle kwesimo sabo somshado, ngakho-ke noma yikuphi ukwehluka kwezempilo kungahle kube mayelana nalokho kwehluka kunokushada. Abantu abashadile babenempilo engcono kunabantu abangashadile kulokhu kuqhathaniswa. Lapho kucutshungulwa izibalo ezimbili ezihlukile, umehluko phakathi kwabantu abashadile nabangashadile bekuhlala kuncane ekuhlaziyweni okwenze umsebenzi ongcono wokulawula izindlela abantu abashadile nabangashadile abangahluka ngazo ngaphandle kwesimo sabo somshado. Kepha nokuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu akuzange kubhekele zonke izindlela ezibalulekile amaqembu angahluka ngazo, njengeholo elikhulu nengcebo yabantu abashadile.

UTumin udonsa iziphetho ezimbili eziyinhloko kulokho akutholile. Okokuqala, njengoba ukuhlaziywa kuba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, noma yiziphi izinzuzo zezempilo zomshado ziba nzima ukuthola. Ekuhlaziyweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ocwaningweni lwakhe, bezingekho izinzuzo zezempilo kunoma yini emadodeni abeshade okokuqala. Kwakunephuzu elilodwa kuphela lokuzuzisa kwabesifazane - futhi nalokho okutholakele kwabuyiselwa emuva kweqoqo labesifazane abancane kunabo bonke. Okwesibili, noma iziphi izinzuzo zezempilo zokushada kungenzeka zichithe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Leso siphetho besisuselwa ekutholeni ukuthi imishado emide kakhulu (iminyaka eyi-10 noma ngaphezulu) ibinemiphumela emihle kwezempilo kwabesifazane abadala kunabo bonke kepha ibinemithelela emibi kwabesifazane abancane kunabo bonke. Izinsizwa zanamuhla (ngokuqhathaniswa) azitholi nzuzo yezempilo ngokushada futhi abesifazane abasebasha asebeshade okungenani iminyaka eyishumi bebephilile kancane lapho bengashadile.

Ukushada Akuyivikeli Impilo, futhi Kwangathi Kungayilimaza

NgoJuni 13, 2016, indaba esembozweni ye- Isikhathi ibinesihloko esithi, "Ungahlala kanjani ushadile (futhi kungani)." Isikhathi kwakungalungile ngaleso sikhathi lapho kugcizelelwa ukuthi ukushada kwenza abantu babe nempilo enhle, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubufakazi obuphikisana nomlayezo wekhukhi wenhlanhla (shada, ube nempilo enhle) sebuphoqelela kakhulu.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, kwashicilelwa ucwaningo lweminyaka engu-16 lwabantu abadala baseSwitzerland abangaphezu kwe-11,000. Kukhombisile ukuthi abantu abashadile kungenzeka ukuthi abalutholi ushintsho empilweni yabo (ngesilinganiso esisodwa) noma bahlupheka impilo ebi kakhulu (ngesinye isilinganiso) uma kuqhathaniswa nangesikhathi bengashadile. Ucwaningo lwaseMelika lwango-2012 lukhombise ukuthuthuka kwezempilo kulabo ababeshade iminyaka embalwa nje, kepha akukho zinzuzo zezempilo kulabo ababeshade isikhathi eside. Le "mphumela we-honeymoon" ivele ngezikhathi ezithile ezifundweni zezempilo nenjabulo. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu abashadayo futhi bahlale beshadile (kodwa hhayi labo abahlukanisa) baba nokwanda kokuqala kwenhlalakahle lapho besanda kushada, kepha bese bebuyela ezingeni elifanayo lempilo noma injabulo ababenayo ngesikhathi bengashadile.

Isikhathi sika Isikhathi ukubhala kabusha indaba yomshado nempilo. Noma ngubani omunye umuntu ophindaphinda isimangalo sokuthi ukushada kwenza abantu babe nempilo enhle kumele benze okufanayo.

Kungani Umshado Ungayilungele Impilo?

Ngakho-ke kungani umshado ungasavikeli impilo (uma wake waba njalo)? UTumin ucabanga ukuthi izinto seziba nzima kakhulu kubantu abashadile. Ngokwesibonelo, “kunezinkinga ezinkulu zezomnotho ezibekwe emibhangqwaneni okulindeleke ukuba ihole imali emibili.” Futhi, "ukungqubuzana okubonakalayo emisebenzini nomndeni kuye kwanda." Kepha ubunzima bezomnotho kubantu abangashadile kungenzeka bube bukhulu okukhulu kakhulu , ngoba baneholo labo kuphela, futhi bancishwa amathuba ngokwezimali yimithetho nemikhuba evuna abantu abashadile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizamo yokubhekana nokulinganisela kwempilo yasemsebenzini ivame ukugxila kubantu abashadile nakubantu ababalulekile ezimpilweni zabo, kunabantu abangashadile nabantu ababaluleke kakhulu kubo.

Umbhali ubuye akhombe "ekunciphiseni ukucwaswa kokuhlala ungakaze ushade" (ngaphandle kokucwaninga ngocwaningo lwama-singlism) kanye "nezinsizakusebenza ezinkulu ezitholakalayo kwabangashadile" manje kunangaphambili. Ngezinsizakusebenza, ubonakala eqonde ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi abazali basiza izingane zabo ezingashadile ngokwezezimali, nokuthi abantu abangashadile bangathola ukwesekwa komphakathi kubangani nomndeni. Lezi zincazelo azilamukeli ngokugcwele iqhaza elibanjwa ngabantu abangashadile empilweni enempilo, njengesibonelo, ngokuzivocavoca ngaphezu kwabantu abashadile.

Kuyamangaza ukuthi abantu abashadayo abasabi nempilo enhle kunangesikhathi bengakashadi, kubhekwa zonke izindlela abazuza ngazo futhi bavikeleke emithethweni nasemikhubeni yezimakethe (singlism) nezindlela ezengeziwe abaziswa ngazo futhi abahlonishwa futhi bagubha ngazo ngoba bashadile (matrimania). Kuphawuleka nakakhulu ukuthi abantu abangashadile benza kahle kangaka. Ngoba abacwaningi bagxile kakhulu ekuzameni ukuqonda abantu abashadile, sinesiqalo kuphela sokuqonda ukuthi kungani abantu abaningi abangashadile bephumelela.