UHomo Erectus: Wayenjani Futhi Yini Eyamhlukanisa Nathi?

-Delile

• Zaziyini izici zikaHomo erectus? Waziphatha kanjani? Asibone.
• Ukuthola Homo erectus
• Kwakubonakala kanjani?
• Yayiyini imikhuba yabo?
• Kungani wawungasekho?

Zaziyini izici zikaHomo erectus? Waziphatha kanjani? Asibone.

Umuntu uyisigqila esinengqondo semibuzo emikhulu azibuze yona njengoba ekhumbula: sivelaphi? Siyaphi? Usesho lwakhe, ekujuleni kwenhliziyo, yilokho okugqugquzela yonke isayensi eyenza iplanethi esihlala kuyo ijike.

Mhlawumbe enye yezimpendulo eziyisisekelo kule mibuzo ifihliwe ezweni esihamba kulo, licinene ngaphansi kwezidumbu zesikhathi, sibalekela ukubuka nqunu kwalabo abazulazula kulo ngaphandle kokubuza ukuthi ngubani noma kungani liphila futhi liphefumula.

Izinsalela zamathambo, amathambo amatshe anikeza ubufakazi buthule kulokho esake saba yikho, asimemeza ngathi ngayo kanye imvelo esinayo kukhodi yethu yofuzo.Kule ndatshana, uhambo luzokwenziwa ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka eyedlule, ukuhlangabezana umuntu osondelene kunokuba sicabanga: Homo erectus.

Ukuthola Homo erectus

I- i-erectus ("Indoda emile") ingeyehlobo Homo , echaza iqoqo elincane lezinkawu ezinamathambo futhi elenzelwe ukuqiniswa kwesistimu yezinzwa esimweni esiqondile, kufaka phakathi umuntu wamanje (otholakala Homo sapiens ). Ngokuqondene ne-homo erectus, kuyaziwa ukuthi ibiphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-70,000 edlule, yize imvelaphi yayo isukela esikhathini eside (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili).

Izinsalela zakhe zokuqala zatholakala esiqhingini saseJava (Indonesia), futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu wabhapathizwa "njengendoda yaseJava". Ngaleso sikhathi kwanqunywa ukuthi kufanele kube uhlobo lwezilwane zasolwandle ngaphandle kokuxhumeka kumuntu wamanje, ngoba ipherimitha lendlu yalo engavumanga lasivumela ukuthi sicabange ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono ayo okuqonda kwakukude kakhulu nokwethu. Ngalesi sizathu, ibhalwe ngaphansi kwesibizo sesayensi se-anthropopitecus erectus, yize imininingwane eminingi itholakele ngayo, igama layo laguqulwa laze lathola lelo elaziwa ngalo namuhla.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kutholakele ukuthi izinsalela zezinsalela ze- Homo erectus ingatholakala ezindaweni eziningi zase-Asia nase-Afrika, ngakho-ke kulandela lokho waba ngowokuqala ukukwazi ukuhambisa kakhulu ngale kwendawo lapho kwakukhona khona bonke okhokho babo (eMpumalanga Afrika). Lobu bufakazi, kanye nobunye obuzobe buningiliziwe kulo lonke udaba, baba ngabokuqala ukuphakamisa ukuthi mhlawumbe kwakungeyona nje enye inkawu: kepha ukuthi kungaba ngomunye wabazidonsela kude kakhulu kunalokhu esiyikho namuhla, umuntu ovakashele umlando.

Kwakubonakala kanjani?

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela, okokuqala, ukuthi Homo erectus kwakuyinhlobo ekhombisa ukwehluka okukhulu kwe-anthropometric, efinyelela eqophelweni lokudida umphakathi wesayensi amashumi eminyaka (kubhekwa ukuthi izinsalela ezitholakele zingaba ngezilwane ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezihlukile). Konke lokhu nakho kudlulela ku ukungafani phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane (i-dimorphism yezocansi), njengoba kwakudume kakhulu kunasemuntwini wamanje. Ngalesi sizathu, kule ndatshana sizokhuluma ngezici ezijwayelekile kubantu bezinhlobo.

Namuhla siyazi ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwekholomu lomgogodla nogebhezi lwayo kuyivumele ukuthi inyakaze ngamabomu, inikezwe izinyawo ezinhlangano yayo yamathambo ekhombisa ikhono lokuhamba iqonde (ngenxa yalesi sizathu igama elabhapathizwa ngalo) futhi amabanga amade nokuzingela ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuma okufanayo. Wayehlala emhlabathini, hhayi ezihlahleni, okungenani kusuka kulokho okutholwe emathanjeni akhe.

Izinsalela ezitholakala e-Afrika ngokungangabazeki zincane kakhulu kunalezo ezitholakala e-East Asia; empeleni, bathola igama elihlukile ( Homo ergaster ) esasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Lokhu kusho, yiqiniso, ukuthi izingebhezi zabo nazo zazihluke kakhulu. Lokhu kwehlukahluka okukhulu ngokungangabazeki kungenye yezici ezihlukile ze Homo erectus futhi lokho kudale ukungaqiniseki okukhulu kulabo abanikele ngezimpilo zabo ekuziqondeni njengezilwane ezihlangene.

Ukunquma ubukhulu bobuchopho kubalulekile ekwazini ubuhlakani bayo yonke into ephilayo, ngoba isilinganiso esinqunyelwe isisindo saso esilinganiselwe (maqondana nesomzimba), siyinkomba esetshenziswa kakhulu nethembekile yokwenza isilinganiso kulokhu mayelana. Endabeni ethile yalolu hlobo lomuntu, kukhonjwe izingebhezi ezinomthamo ophakathi kuka-700 no-1100 ml, ozibeka ngaphezu kwe-gorilla (600 ml) futhi asondele kumuntu (1200-1500 ml). Isilinganiso esilinganisiwe namuhla singama-940 ml, efakwe egumbini eliphansi kakhulu le-cranial elinikeze amandla aphawulekayo entuthuko.

I- Homo erectus ibiyisidalwa esikhulu futhi esinobudlova, evumile ukuthi ubude bayo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.80, yize kuzoncika ezimweni abahlala kuzo (izinsizakusebenza, isimo sezulu, njll.) kanye nokuba khona noma ukungabi khona kwesilwane esithile esidla imvelo. Babenomhlathi oqinile futhi bengenaso isilevu, namazinyo amancane kunamanye ama-hominids ezahlala ngayo endaweni yase-Afrika (njenge Homo habilis noma UHomo rudolfensis ).

Kokubili ubukhulu bobuchopho nobukhulu bomzimba sekuyisikhathi eside kusetshenzisiwe ukuchaza ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani ukuba bahlakazeke kulo mhlaba, ngoba kwakudingeka bangene endaweni engeyinhle ukuze bafinyelele eMpumalanga Asia bezwekazi lase-Afrika, okwakudinga amandla nobuhlakani. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ikhono labo lokuzivumelanisa nemvelo lalifana kakhulu nelomuntu wamanje, yize kukhona ukuthi kulo mqondo kusenokuningi okungaziwa okusala ngaphandle kwempendulo yabo.

Yayiyini imikhuba yabo?

I- Homo erectus ngokungangabazeki sasiyisilwane esinokuthambekela kokuhlangana. Lalihlala ngaphakathi kwamaqembu amancane, elalingaba ngabantu abangaba ngu-30, futhi lalinochungechunge lwezindima ezahlukanisiwe ezazinikeza umphakathi umuzwa ocacile wobukhosi. Inhlangano yabo yezenhlalo yayiyisidina kakhulu kunaleyo yomuntu wanamuhla, eyayidinga ulwazi lwenguquko yokuqonda ukuze ikwazi ukuxhasa ukuhlalisana emadolobheni amakhulu, kodwa kuyisibonelo esibalulekile sendlela ubudlelwano obabuphila ngayo ngezikhathi zakudala.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ngalesi senzo se-hominid ukuthi kungenzeka Wazi kahle umlilo, futhi wawusebenzisa njengethuluzi lokulungiselela ukudla okususelwa enyameni (njengoba kuthathwe kwi-bone hypervitaminosis evame ukutholakala ekuhlaziyweni kwamaminerali ama-femurs ayo), okuthile okwaba nomthelela ebuchosheni bakhe obukhulu nasekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe. Futhi bangaphinda basebenzise izikhali (ze-lithic) nezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene, okwazisa ubucukubhede obukhulayo, futhi lokho kwavumela ukusinda okwedlula okwedlula okwanamuhla.

Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi kungenjalo, bathole ukufinyelela enyameni ngokuzingela, lapho bahlela khona ukuhlasela lapho amandla amakhulu okubambisana ekufezeni inhloso eyabiwe yaboniswa khona. Kukholelwa futhi ukuthi bangadla labo ababencintisana nabo ukuthola izinsiza ezibalulekile, noma uma kunesidingo, bahlangane nezizwe eziseduze ukuzodla isilwane esikhulu (ngemuva kwalokho baphinde bahlakazeka futhi). Babuye basebenza njengabaqaphi, bedla izinsalela zezidumbu ezishiywe ezinye izilwane.

Yize kunokungabaza okuningi ukuthi le homo yayikwazi ukukhiqiza ulimi olucacisiwe okwabelwana ngalo "izimpawu" zomlomo, kuyaziwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe ukuhweba (ngaphandle kwemali) nezizwe ezihlobene, kushintshaniswa ngezinsizakusebenza ezidingekayo ukuze zisinde.. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi abesifazane beqembu ngalinye babambe iqhaza kule nqubo, eyaba yimikhiqizo yezentengiselwano ukuze kwandiswe amandla okuzala futhi kunciphise nomonakalo wokuzala.

Kungani wawungasekho?

Izizathu zokuthi kungani uhlobo oluthile lwezilwane lushabalala zihlala zihlukahlukene, ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ziphikisana ngisho. Endabeni esikhathazayo, kusobala ukuthi kwakudingeka badlule esikhathini esinzima kakhulu sezulu, lapho izinsiza ababenazo ukuze banelise isidingo esiyisisekelo semizimba yabo: ukudla kwaqala ukuswela. Futhi mhlawumbe konke lokhu kungenzeka ngemuva kokuqhuma okukhulu kwentaba-mlilo iToba.

Lo mcimbi wenzeke esikhathini esifanayo ukuphela kwaso Homo erectus kulinganiselwa (cishe eminyakeni engama-70,000 edlule), enyakatho yeSumatra (isiqhingi sase-Indonesia), kanye kwakungubusika obunzima bentaba-mlilo obanciphisa inani lezinyamazane nama-hominids. Lo mzuzu uthathwa, ezincwadini eziningi zesayensi, njengengqophamlando efanele ukuchaza ukushabalala kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ezazihlala emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba kwakuhilela izinguquko ezinkulu ezimibalabala nasezilwaneni ezazidingeka ukuze ziphile.

Lesi sehlakalo sidale ukuthi inani labantu be-homo erectus (nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane) liqedwe kakhulu, lilahlekelwe cishe ngama-90% abantu bebonke kanye namabili azalanayo. Namuhla kuyaziwa ukuthi izindawo eziseduze nolwandle zisenkingeni yokulimala komoya wasebusika wentaba-mlilo (ungqimba lothuli oluvimbele ukukhula kohlaza emhlabeni cishe iminyaka emihlanu noma eyisithupha), ngoba kukhona okusondele kakhulu kulabo yesigameko esinjalo esithintekile, kepha lapho i-homo erectus yakwazi ukuqhubeka nokuphila kwayo ngokujwayelekile (ngenxa yobuningi bezinhlanzi).

Kukhona futhi izifundo ezimbalwa zakamuva ezikhomba emcabangweni wokuthi, ngezizathu ezingaziwa namanje, iHomo erectus ingaqala ukungazinaki izinqubo ezenze ngayo izikhali namathuluzi ayo. Lokhu kuncishiswe ekutheni basebenzise izinto eziyingozi, ngokuthatha isinqumo sokungahambi baye ezindaweni ezisondele kakhulu lapho bebenganikela khona ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezingcono, baxazulule ukukhiqizwa okungekuhle okunganciphisa ukusebenza kwabo ngokuzingela nakweminye imisebenzi.

Lezi zinhlobo zemfundiso kanye nezingakacaci kahle zingakhombisa ukuthi "ubuvila" buyinto ebambe iqhaza ekuqothulweni kohlobo olwalunamandla okusinda enhlekeleleni eyalandela. Kunoma ikuphi, ngosuku lapho intaba-mlilo iLake Toba yaqhuma khona, abantu babhekana nekhasi ngokungangabazeki elaliyinhlekelele emlandweni wabo omude wemvelo.