Ukuthi Ama-Counteroffers Awuguqula Kanjani Umdlalo We-Ultimatum

Qhubeka. Yenza usuku lwami . - UHarry Callahan, osebenza kahle, ongenangqondo, yize engumseshi wamaphoyisa aseSan Francisco

Abase-Irani namaPheresiya bahle kakhulu kubuciko bokuxoxisana . - UDonald Trump, owayenguMongameli waseMelika

I- umdlalo wokugcina i-microcosm yokuhlola yezingxoxo. Isiphakamiso P siphakamisa ukuthi isamba esincane semali kufanele sihlukaniswe kanjani futhi uMphenduli R uvumelana nesivumelwano noma asivote. Ukuhlukaniswa okufanelekile kwamukelwa ngokujwayelekile, kanti ukwahlukana okuthanda kakhulu umenzi wesicelo kuyenqatshwa. Uma lokho kwenzeka, akukho P noma R abathola lutho (UGüth et al., 1982; bona futhi uKrueger, 2016 no-2020 kule ngxenyekazi). Ucwaningo lwezengqondo lugxile ekutheni ngabe uR, kungani, futhi nini angavotela isivumelwano nokuthi uP angalindela kanjani futhi akugweme lokhu. Umbuzo wangaphambili uvame ukuguqula umdlalo ube yinkinga yesayikholoji yokuziphatha; lo mbuzo wakamuva ukhuluma ngezinkinga zokubonwa komphakathi njengokusebenzisa ingqondo, ithiyori yengqondo, nokubikezela ngaphansi kokungaqiniseki.

Ngemuva kwezinyathelo ezimbili zokuphakanyiswa nokuphendula, umdlalo wokugcina usuphelile. Abadlali baya emakhaya kanti abacwaningi babhala iphepha. Lobu ubuhle bomdlalo nemikhawuko. Endle, izingxoxo zivame ukudlula izinyathelo ezimbili. Ake sicabangele umdlalo lapho amandla e-veto ebuyela ku-P. Nakhu: U-P unikela ngokuhlukanisa ama- $ 10. U-R angamukela isiphakamiso noma enze isibambiso esiphikisayo, u-P angakwamukela noma asivote.

Ake sithi uP unikezela nge-8: 2 split. Emdlalweni ojwayelekile, u-R ulingeka ukuba awenqabe ngaphandle kwenhliziyo, umona, intukuthelo yokuziphatha, noma yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa kwale mizwa. Ukungakwazi ukuphikisana nesivumelwano, u-R angenza isibambiso. Lokhu kungahle kube ukuhlukaniswa okungu-5: 5, obekulindeleke ukuthi kwenziwe okokuqala, noma kungahle kube ngu-2: 8, obandlulula ngokulinganayo, futhi manje ngokusobala ophikisayo. Isiphikisi esingu-2: 8 silingana ngokwengqondo ne-veto. R Vumela i-P ukuthi idwebe imiphumela (ukuthola enye incazelo, bheka inothi ekugcineni kwalesi sihloko). Isiphikisi esingu-5: 5 siphakeme ngokokuziphatha ngoba siqokomisa inkambiso yokulunga uR alindela ukuthi u-P no-R bayihloniphe. Ukuvotelwa kabusha kwesibangi esifanele kuveza ubugovu bukaP. Ukwazi ukubona kusengaphambili konke lokhu, u-P kungenzeka ukuthi anikeze ukwahlukana okulungile kulo mdlalo olungisiwe kunasegeyimu yezinyathelo ezimbili ezisohlwini lwezincwadi ze-canonical. Ukungeza lesi sinyathelo esingeziwe nokuvumela bobabili abadlali ukuthi banikele, ngenkathi beshiya amandla e-veto ngesihambisi sokuqala, kungahle kuxazulule umdlalo we-ultimatum ngokushintshela kubulungiswa bokusabalalisa.

Kulomdlalo oguquliwe, amandla kaV's veto afanekisela ukwedlula okwangempela ngoba ukwenqaba isivumelwano esilinganayo kuyingozi kuzo zombili izinto ezibonakalayo zomdlali kanye nedumela lakhe (UKrueger et al., 2020). Ngempela, umuntu angaphikisa ukuthi lo mdlalo olungisiwe unenhliziyo embi ngoba noma ngabe u-P enikeza u-6: 4, R kungenzeka ukuthi aphikisane no-5: 5 u-P lapho-ke okufanele amukele - ngakho-ke cishe acishe anikeze u-5: 5 ku indawo yokuqala. Ukuze uvikele ukwehla kokuncane, cabanga ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi u-P avunyelwe ukuphendula ophikisana naye ngokuqinisekisa kabusha ukunikezwa kokuqala futhi ngaleyo ndlela abuyisele amandla e-veto ku-R. Kulokhu kuguqulwa okulungisiwe komdlalo, singabona okulandelayo Ukulandelana kwemicimbi: I-P inikeza u-8: 2 no-R wokubala ngo-5: 5, u-P angemukela noma avote, noma aphikelele ekunikezelweni kwasekuqaleni okungu-8: 2. Ukuze u-P agcizelele ku-8: 2 kuyisibindi esiphindwe kabili ngoba sekuvele kucacile ukuthi uR akayithandi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nomdlalo ojwayelekile, u-P angaqiniseka kakhulu manje ukuthi i-R izovota i-8: 2. Ngakho-ke, uP akufanele agcizelele ku-8: 2 bese ekhokha u-5: 5. Futhi, noma ngabe amandla e-veto ekugcineni ahlala no-R, kubonakala sengathi noma lokhu kuguqulwa okungelona okuncane komdlalo, okunikeza bobabili abadlali ithuba lokwenza isipho, kwandisa amathuba okuba okulungile kokusabalalisa kunqobe.

Uma ukuqonda kwami ​​kulungile, impendulo kulayini wokuthunyelwe ithi "yebo." Nina (nobabili) nizoba ngcono emdlalweni we-counter-ultimatum ngoba maningi amathuba okuthi kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni. Manje khumbula ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-canonical komdlalo, okungakuvumeli ukuphikisana, kungukudala kokuphikisana komlingi. Abadlali basendle bangaklama (noma bahlanganyele) imidlalo yabo.Ubani ozokuvimba ekwenzeni isibabuli uma wethulwe ngesinqumo sokugcina?

Endle, izinto zivame ukwenzeka ngokushesha. Kukhona ithemba lokuthi ngemfundo encane emfundisweni yomdlalo, singabona ukuthi sikumuphi umdlalo ngesikhathi kudlalwa ukuze sikwazi ukuthola impendulo enhle kakhulu. Maye, sivame ukubona sekwephuze kakhulu ukuthi umdlalo ubuyini, ikakhulukazi uma sigcina silambatha. Ngemuva kwalokho singazithembisa ukuthi sizokwenza kangcono ngokuzayo noma senze isinqumo sethu sibe sesimweni sokuziphatha ukuze siphile nokulahlekelwa yimpahla.

Qaphela . Bengibonakala ngikuchithile ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-R iphikise isithembiso esingu-8: 2 ngokunikezwa okungalungile okungu-2: 8. Nokho, kunesizathu sokwenza lokhu nje. Ukunikezwa kwe- $ 2 kusikisela ukuthi uP ucabanga ukuthi uR kufanele ajabule ukwamukela le mali encane. Ngempela, noma ngubani kufanele amukele umnikelo omncane onjalo ngoba $ 2 ingcono kune- $ 0. Futhi lokhu kufakwa kuhlanganisa no-R R kungasho ukuthi "Uma ucabanga ukuthi ngamukela u- $ 2, ngingaqiniseka ukuthi nawe uzokuthola. Ngakho-ke lapha ngikunikeza u- $ 2." Lesi sizathu asidingi ukuphikisana, umona, intukuthelo yokuziphatha noma yimuphi omunye umuzwa wokuziphatha.