Impilo ye-Psychic namandla wamagama

Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwabhalwa ngokubambisana nesazi sefilosofi sabesifazane uJen Izaakson (ozobhapathizwa nge-Ph.D.).

Ngenkathi uSigmund Freud esungula "ikhambi lokukhuluma" esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwacaca ukuthi kunokuthile okukhuluma ngemizwa yethu kungaxazulula ukuhlupheka kwangaphakathi. Indlela yokukhuluma ngokukhululeka (ukuzihlanganisa ngokukhululekile), ichaza ukwesaba noma izifiso zethu zangaphakathi, ibingathambekeli nje ekuthuthukeni kwengqondo kuphela, kepha ibuye ikhombise namandla okwelapha ukugula okungathi shu (lokho namuhla esingakubiza ngokuthi "psychosomatic," kepha ngaleso sikhathi kwakubizwa nje "impisi").

Ngenkathi uFreud exoshwa emsebenzini futhi engasasebenziseki, idumela lakhe kwezokwelapha labhujiswa ngokufundisa ngesifo sabesilisa (kuze kube yileso sikhathi, iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu, i-hysteria yayithathwa njengesifo sabesifazane kuphela), waba nesikhathi sokusungula i-psychoanalysis, kanye "nekhambi lokukhuluma " wazalwa. Ngaphandle kokuthi, okuxakayo, inhloso ye-psychoanalysis yilokho okungenakushiwo, lokho okukhona ekudlulisweni (ukuthi isiguli sizizwa kanjani ngomhlaziyi), ukuphikisana nokudluliswa (indlela umhlaziyi azizwa ngayo ngesiguli), ukwenziwa kabusha, kanye yonke inqwaba yezinto ezinye ezimele imicabango nemizwa engazi lutho engadluliselwa olimini.

Ulimi, ngakho-ke, akuyona yonke indaba yokuphila kwengqondo noma umhlaba wezinto ezibonakalayo. (UNietzsche uthi ku Twilight of the Idols : “Lokho esikutholayo amagama kuyinto esevele ifile ezinhliziyweni zethu. Kuhlala kunohlobo lwendelelo esenzweni sokukhuluma. ”) Kodwa lokho kushiya kuphi amagama?

Lapho sikhuluma futhi umcabango uba "ofanekiselwa," kunenqubo yokuguqula esengozini. Amagama, uma akhethwe kahle, hhayi kuphela anamandla kepha athinta kakhulu. Sihlela futhi sifake umbala emhlabeni osizungezile ngokukhuluma ngokuzwakalayo imicabango yethu, sithole ukuqonda kwabanye uma sikwazi ukukholisa ezingeni lokukhuluma, futhi singashintsha izimo zethu zangaphakathi noma sithonye isimo somzwelo sabanye ngengxoxo nje.

Ngokukhetha amagama ngokungafanele, sibeka engcupheni ubudlelwano bethu noma amathuba ngoba sonke siqonda ngokuphelele ezingeni eliyisisekelo lokuthi uma sikhuluma into eyodwa noma enye, ngasikhathi sinye sizisho thina futhi simelele ukuthi singobani. Amagama ngokwawo awawona amandla, kepha amandla okusebenzisa amagama kahle uhlobo oluthile lwamandla. Noma kunjalo, kunemikhawulo kulokho.

UFreud uqobo wayeyazi kahle imikhawulo yokuthi "ikhambi lokukhuluma" lingabhekana nani. Isibonelo esihle salokhu kwakuyindaba kaDora, lapho uFreud athola khona ukuthi uDora wayengathandani noHerr (Mnu) K njengoba wonke umuntu ayecabanga, kodwa umkakhe uFrau (Nkk. K), futhi wayeseneminyaka eminingi. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, umama kaDora ubenconyelwe ukwelashwa. UFreud wenqabe umama kaDora ukuthi acutshungulwe, wathi "unengqondo yabesifazane bemizi" ngenxa yokusebenzisa sonke isikhathi sakhe ebhajwe ezindlini, ematasa ngezinto zasendlini kuphela, futhi kusobala ukuthi yingakho wayecindezeleke kakhulu (njenganoma ngubani osesimweni sakhe).

I-Psychoanalysis, ngakho-ke, iyindlela yokuchaza lokho okungokwenhlalo noma kwezepolitiki ngaphandle kwencazelo, okuyimfihlakalo engenasisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo. Amagama, ngakho-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni komcabango kaFreudian, awasho isimo sezinto ezibonakalayo. Lowo ngumbono obungeyona impikiswano kuze kube muva nje.

Namuhla, siphila nefa lesiFulentshi "ithuba lezilimi" elibone ngempumelelo imilingo, izimfanelo ze-mythopoetic ezinikezwe amagama. Leli fa ngokwengxenye langenxa kaJacques Lacan, umlandeli kaFreud, owenabisa izinkolelo-mbono zakhe ngokukhulelwa kwakhe kabusha okungazi lutho njengokuthi "kuhleleke njengolimi." U-Lacan uqhubeke nokwakha izinhlelo ezingasisiza siqonde umhlaba ngokwefilosofi, wenza izitatimende ezinjengokuthi "ayikho into efana nowesifazane" ( il n’y a pas La femme ); yize lokhu bekungaqondiswanga ngokoqobo, kepha kubhekiswe ekutheni abesifazane bakhulelwa kanjani emhlabeni ophethwe ngabesilisa. ULacan, phakathi kwabanye ongqondongqondo abanjengoDerrida noFoucault, baqhubeka nokuthonya uJudith Butler osemncane ngawo-1980.

Ukugcina ulimi olunezakhiwo zemilingo akusikho ukulondolozwa kukaButler kuphela, kepha mhlawumbe unesibopho esiyingqayizivele sokuhlangana phakathi kolimi nobunikazi, ngokuyinhloko ngokwakhiwa kabusha komqondo kaJL Austin we "performativity" (inkolelo yolimi uButler aseyilahlile manje, etshela i- New York Times ngo-2019, "Angisaqiniseki ukuthi yini ebaluleke njengokudlala"). Kunoma ikuphi, namuhla, ezweni lapho iningi labantu abasha lilindele ukuba namathemba amancane kunabazali babo futhi babe nethuba elincane lokuba nempahla kunezizukulwane ezingaphambi kwabo, ukuthembela olimini ukuzikhiqiza ngokuzithoba akumangalisi.

Izikhala zamasiko aku-inthanethi seziyikhaya lokwanda okukhulu kobunikazi namalebula amasha olimi wokuthi singobani nokuthi yini esiyikholelwayo. Leli zwe lamazwi ledijithali liholele ekuguqukeni kwenqubomgomo yempilo yangempela, ngezimpawu zikakhonkolo zabantu abangalé kakhulu kwe-listicles ye-Tumblr. Ngokuya ngokwengeziwe, sibhekene nomncintiswano wolimi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, hhayi ngokwesiko lezemfundo (i-linguistics versus historical materialism), kodwa ngezindlela ezibeka ulimi njengolwenza iqiniso uqobo lwalo. Kanjani eyodwa uzizwa iba ilingana nalokho eyodwa kuyinto , futhi awuncane umahluko phakathi kwezimangalo zeqiniso lokubeka ngomhlaba wangaphandle nezinzwa zomuntu zangaphakathi.

Cabanga ngezinkinga ezengeziwe ngale mqondo we-lexico-materialist. Kwifilosofi yesimanje yolimi, isikhundla esiphakeme "sangaphandle" emkhakheni sigcina lawo magama athi amanzi futhi indlu futhi incwadi khombisa ubudlelwano obukhomba ngqo entweni ethile emhlabeni ozimele. Umqondo ngukuthi amagama akhetha ngempumelelo okuthile empeleni.

Kepha lesi sikhundla asiphili ekuhlolweni okuyisisekelo: ILiverpool kungaba "mnandi" futhi "kungcoliswe" futhi kungashiswa phansi futhi kwakhiwe kabusha ngaphesheya komfula iMersey, kepha kusabizwa ILiverpool . Idolobha alikwenzi kangako unayo umsebenzi njengoba unjalo kuyinto umsebenzi; noma, kuyindlela yokwazi ngokomzimba (nganoma iyiphi indlela noma ukwakheka okudingekayo) umqondo othile osebenzayo. Noma imuphi umqondo wepolitiki, njengomuzi, unenkanyezi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinzwa ze-polysemous. "Incazelo" yanoma yiliphi idolobha ibonakala idlulela ngaphezu kwamabhilidi amakhulu, isiko, umphakathi, imibono yezombangazwe, indawo, njalonjalo.

Kuyafana futhi nangezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njenge- isidlo sasemini , okungaba "mnandi" kepha futhi "kubambezeleke" ngasikhathi sinye, kungabikho lutho emhlabeni wangaphandle olukwazi ukusingatha lezi zakhiwo ngasikhathi sinye. Uma uJohn ethi kuMary, "Ukudla kwakusihlwa kwakumnandi kepha kwathatha unomphela," uJohn akazibophezeli enkolelweni yokuthi kunezinto emhlabeni ezingabonakali kanyekanye ngesikhathi esisodwa. Esikhundleni salokho, usebenzisa ulimi ukukhiqiza kuMary izinkomba ezithile, ezibandakanya ukubhekisa kuzethulo ezingaphakathi kwengqondo ezingabekwa kwimininingwane yezinzwa. Uma uMary bese ethi kuJohn, "Isikole esinamafasitela amakhulu siqala ngo-9 ekuseni futhi sinothishanhloko oqinile kanye nabafundi abangalawuleki," akazibophezeli kunoma yikuphi okushiwo yi-ontological ngamazwi akhe akhetha okuthile okuyinkimbinkimbi emhlabeni okwanelisa izimo wokuba ngumcimbi, into ebonakalayo, inhlangano nabantu abaningi ngasikhathi sinye.

Cabanga ngamanye amacala amancane asebenza ukuveza umbono othi "ongaphandle" njengongenasisekelo: Thatha isigwebo, "uJohn wafunda wabe eseshisa zonke izincwadi emtatsheni wezincwadi." UJohn ushise izincwadi eziningi kunalezo azifundile uma umtapo wezincwadi unamakhophi amaningi ezincwadi ezithile. Ngakho-ke, ibinzana elithi "yonke incwadi" alikhethi ubuningi obungaguquki (okungukuthi, uJohn ufunda izincwadi ezingama-6,000 kepha ushisa eziyi-8,000). Lokhu kuholela ekuphikisweni kwe-quantification, engakwazi ukwamukelwa nganoma iyiphi imodeli yendabuko yokubhekiswa ngqo.

Ukungayinaki imininingwane eminingi ebalulekile yomlando, singafingqa ngokusobala ukuthi izazi ze-philologists zekhulu le-19 zakugcizelela ukubaluleka kwemisindo; ngawo-1920, u-Otto Jespersen wagxila ekubhalweni; ngawo-1950, uNoam Chomsky washukumisela ukutadisha kolimi ezinhlakeni ezingabonakali zengqondo, ngaphezu kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo oluthile lokuziphatha kokufaka. Ngawo-1970, izinhlelo zaseTarskian ze- "semantics" nezimo zeqiniso zase zenziwe zaba sezingeni elanele lokucwaninga, kepha kwenziwa isiphetho esingamanga: Ulimi lwemvelo lunencazelo; Incazelo uhlelo lwama-semantics; ama-semantics angamelwa ngamamodeli weTarskian; ngakho-ke, ama-semantics olimi lwemvelo yiTarskian. Yize umuntu engenza kalula uhlelo lwama-semantics ngezimo zeqiniso zesitayela se-Tarski, akulandeli ukuthi izincazelo esizithola ezinkulumweni zolimi lwemvelo (hhayi izinkulumo zolimi oluhlelekile) zilandela uhlelo olufanayo "lwangaphandle", lapho uphawu olulodwa lukhomba khona elinye ibhizinisi.

Yebo, singasebenzisa amagama ukubhekisa ezintweni ezisezweni, kepha lokhu kuyi- isenzo yomuntu (“Bheka leyo moto”), hhayi into yolimi. Ezinye izibonelo eziningi, kusukela ekuphikisweni komfula kaHeraclitus kuya eShip of Theseus indida, ziveza ukuthi amagama achaza izinhlaka zomqondo zangaphakathi ezisetshenziselwa ukutolika isipiliyoni futhi azikho nje ebhizinisini lokukhetha izinto emhlabeni. Amagama anomusa wemvelo kuphela, njenge-H2O (hhayi amanzi , okungafani), athuthukiswe kumongo wethiyori ecacile yemvelo, ingasetshenziswa (siyethemba, okungenani) ukubhekisa ngempumelelo izinhlaka nezinqubo zangaphandle. Sisebenzisa amagama njengokucabanga ngezinto ezithile, izimfanelo, nezinto ezisezweni — kepha umhlaba ngokwawo uhlala, njengangaphambili, ebangeni elidingekayo.

Ukufulathela ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kungahle kube nemiphumela emihle kakhulu, yokudala yokuhlola izikhala ezintsha zomqondo ezingaba khona — kepha lokhu kuhamba nakho kungaba nemiphumela ethile eyinkinga, kwesinye isikhathi kudale ukungqubuzana phakathi kweqiniso lezinto kanye nezimemezelo zezimangalo zobunikazi.

Amagama ngathi awazinikeli ngokuphelele. Ukuveza imizwa yethu empeleni kuyibhizinisi elonakele, imizwa yethu ivame ukungaqondakali. Ulimi kumele lukwazi ukuveza lokho kungacaci. Ngokuguqula amagama abe yizindatshana zokholo, sinika ulimi ukhonkolo, oluphelele nolungokoqobo. Ngaphandle kwendawo yokuphikisana, akunakubangabaza, futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza, ngeke sisaba nokuqagela noma indawo yengxoxo.

Ngokuya ngokuya sisebenzisa ulimi ukuthola amandla athile. Sisebenzisa amagama njengezinduku zengqondo ukusekela indwangu eyonakele yengqondo nezenhlalo, okuholela enhlotsheni yokwehla kwamandla emali kwamandla olimi. "Ngiyasaba lawo magama amakhulu" - uStephen Daedalus usitshela Ama-Ulysses— “Lokho kusenza sijabule kakhulu.” Umuntu angaqonda kahle ukuthi kungani.