I-Psychopathology: I-Humanist View kaKaren Horney

Ukucabanga kudideka ngempilo yengqondo nokugula kwengqondo ngokwengxenye, ngombono wami, ngoba lawo magama awahlukanisi ukungasebenzi kahle kobuchopho nokuthambekela kokuziphatha okuyingozi. Ngokucindezeleka, isibonelo, kubonakala sengathi cishe amaphesenti angu-10 amacala ngokuyinhloko angokwemvelo, kanti ama-90% noma kunjalo ngokuyinhloko angokwengqondo. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili ubalulekile ngenxa yemithelela yokwelashwa.

Ngincamela leli gama i-psychopathology yezinkinga ezingokwengqondo, nge ingqondo ebhekisa kwisayikholoji futhi izifo kubhekiswa ohlotsheni lokungajabuli uKierkegaard akhulume ngalo Ukugula Kuya Ekufeni . Ngincamela ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo yazo zonke izinkinga ezisuselwa ebuchosheni (hhayi ebuchosheni kuphela kepha ezincike ebuchosheni) njenge-schizophrenia, i-bipolar disorder, i-hyperactivity, i-autism, nokunye ukudangala nokukhathazeka.

Ngokumangazayo, abantu abanezifo ezingokwengqondo zokucindezeleka bavame ukufisa ukuthi ngabe bekungokwemvelo, ngokwengxenye ngoba ukucindezeleka kuveza umqondo wokuba yisikhwama samakhemikhali angenamoya esidonsela lowo kumodeli wezokwelapha, futhi ngokwengxenye ngoba abantu abacindezelekile kwesinye isikhathi bacabanga ukuthi uthi ukucindezeleka yiphutha labo noma ukuthi akulona iqiniso uma uthi kungokwengqondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abanokucindezelwa kwezinto eziphilayo bavame ukufisa ukuthi ngabe bekungokwengqondo, ngakho-ke bangenza okuthile ngakho. UHorney uqobo wakhuluma ngodaba lokuzibophezela ngaphandle kokubeka icala: “Okungangenanga wukubona ukuthi [inkinga yezengqondo] okwakhe inkinga, lokho kwenza empeleni okwakhe impilo inzima, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuphuma yena ukwenza okuthile ngakho. ” Ngemuva kwakho konke, uthatha umthwalo wokungena ngaphakathi noma usebenzise isambulela, noma kungelona iphutha lakho ukuthi lina.

UHorney, njenge-humanist, wafanisa "uqobo lwangempela" nesihlahla esinamandla okuba isihlahla se-oki. Lesi sifaniso simaphakathi nokucabanga kwakhe. Umuntu wangempela usobala kakhulu emaphusheni nasezinkumbulweni zobuntwana. Indoda iphupha iphindelela ukuthi iyasha ngaphansi kohlobo oluthile lokuqhunyiswa kwezibhamu ezingazazi izizathu zayo. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa zokwelashwa achithe ukuhlola imizwa nezincazelo ezihambisana nokudubula, futhi efuna izikhathi zokwelashwa lapho ezwa sengathi umelaphi uyamdubula noma uzizwa sengathi udubula umelaphi, uphupha ukuthi uthatha umlilo emgodini wempungushe, kepha kukhona nomfana omncane lapho osendle ngokwesaba. Azame ukwehlisa umoya umfana avuke. UHorney angathi umfana umele uqobo lwangempela, ingxenye yakhe engokwemvelo neyomuntu futhi edinga ukukhula.

Yonke ingane enempilo izenzela uqobo lwayo, olukhathazekile ngokuhlola, ubudlelwano, nezidingo. Njengoba eqala ukucabanga, ukucabanga kwakhe kusebenza enkonzweni efanayo: ukuqonda umhlaba, ukuthola nokujabulela umzimba wakhe, ukuxhumana nabanye, nokuxazulula izinkinga ngobuciko. Kepha kukhona okungahambi kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ingane izizwa ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokuhle kakhulu, noma ngokugcwele, okubi kakhulu, ukuthi, kusigama samaHorney, akuyona eyayo. Uphendukela emandleni akhe amakhulu, emcabangweni wakhe, futhi awusebenzise kabi ukudala inguqulo yakhe uqobo alwela ukuyisebenzisa lapho ezizwa engeyena (abantu abaningi) noma cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi (abantu abakhubazeke ubuntu). Ngokuvamile, sinomuzwa wokuthi asifaneleki lapho singanakiwe, sihlukunyezwa, noma sonakalisiwe, noma sihlangabezane nebhadi.

Uma ungakholelwa empilweni yangemva kokufa, ke ukuzama ukwenza uqobo lwakho kufane nokuphilela umvuzo wasezulwini ngosizo lokuthola okungcono kakhulu emhlabeni. Uma ukholelwa ezulwini, khona-ke lokhu akusona isifaniso esihle, ngoba isici esiyinhloko somuntu ocatshangwayo ukuthi sinamandla angaphezu kwawabantu futhi asikwazi ukukufeza. Kungumqondo wokucabanga umuntu ophelele emhlabeni ophelele osonteka usuke enganekwaneni ekhuthazayo uye enjongweni yokuphila ebucayi. Njengokucishe kube eceleni, uma uFran Liebowitz eqinisile lapho ethi ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga empeleni kuyiphupho lokuphakama, ngakho-ke kungukugula.

I-Psychopathology iqala ngokwenqatshwa komuntu uqobo kanye nesimangalo sokuthi empeleni umuntu uqobo olinganiselwe, lokho uHorney akubize ngokufuna udumo. I-Psychopathology ukuzinikela kwamandla ekuqedeni ubuwena obulungiselelwe kunokuba kuthuthukiswe ubuwena bangempela - lokho uHorney akubize njengobushiqela bokufanele. Esikhundleni sokufaka umzamo ekuhlinzekeni izakhi zomzimba, ukukhanya kwelanga, namanzi esihlahleni, i-neurotic ifaka umzamo emdwebeni wesihlahla se-oki futhi ithi lo mdwebo ungokoqobo. I-Psychopathology ukugcizelela ngokweqile ekukhangiseni kunokuthuthuka komkhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa komcabango ukufaka esikhundleni sokuzithuthukisa.

Ngokombono wobuntu obufanelekile, uqobo lwangempela alunabuntu, futhi akumele lubekezelelwe, uHorney alubiza ngokuthi ukuzonda. Izidingo zomuntu zehlisa isithunzi esizimele, esiphatha umuntu wangempela njengomzali omubi ophatha ingane, angayinaki, ayihlukumeze noma ayimoshe. Ukukhathazeka wukuqwashisa okulangazelelayo kokuthi lokho okulindelekile ngeke kwenziwe; ukudana kungukushabalala komzamo wokukufeza.

Zonke izihlahla ze-oki ezibukeka kahle zifana ncamashi: ziqinile, ziqondile, zide futhi zinamaqabunga. UHorney ubecabanga ukuthi izithombe ezihlosiwe zabantu zingabukeka zehluke kakhulu komunye nomunye, ingxenye yazo ithinteke ngokuthandwa ngamasiko nangokomndeni, futhi ngokwengxenye ukufihla ukuthukwa kuye uqobo noma ukuzenzela okuthile.

Isibonelo, abanye abantu bangasebenza ngokukhethekile ekubonakaleni ukuthandeka nokuzikhathaza, kanti abanye bangasebenza ngokukhethekile ekubukeni bengamakhosi nabazidlayo. Okuningi kwe-magnum opus yakhe, I-Neurosis Nokukhula Komuntu , izinikele ekuchazeni izinhlobo ezintathu zokufuna ukuphelela: ukubusa nokuthandwa, njengoba kuphawuliwe, nenkululeko njengeyesithathu. Izinhlobo ezintathu zingabizwa ngokuthi yi-superhero, i-saint, ne-mystic. Iningi labantu lizokwamukela bobathathu laba bantu ngezikhathi ezithile, kepha abantu abaphelelwe yithemba bathambekele ekwenzeni ngokukhethekile. (Bengizobhala ukugula kunoku ngokuphelelwa yithemba , kodwa abafundi abaningi ngokusobala bayacabanga ukugula ukuhlambalaza kunokuzwelana. Okuxakayo ukuthi babonakala bengabafundi abafanayo abafuna ukuthi i-psychopathology yabo iphathwe njengesifo esingokomzimba.)

Ukufuna ukuphelela kweqhawe kulula ukukubona, njengoba kunezimangalo zokwazi konke, ukuba namandla onke, nokubaluleka okubonakala kalula njengemizamo yokuba namandla angaphezu kwawomuntu. Iqhawe lingaphika ukuthi liyakwazi ukuzizwa likhathazekile noma licindezelekile, futhi esikhundleni salokho liguqula lezi zizwe zibe yizimpi ezinamandla noma abantu abazama ukubukela phansi ukukhazinyuliswa komuntu uqobo.

Usanta, ogxile ekuthandeni, kunzima ukukubona, ngoba kuyaqabukela benze izimangalo eziphelele zokuphelela, okungahle kube ngokungafanele. Bahlale benakekela abanye futhi bangahamba isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokucasula abanye, kepha ekugcineni izimangalo zabo zobungcwele kanye nokukhomba kwabo ubuhle kuzothinta ukuziphakamisa kwabo kunabanye (nangaphezu kwabo).I-saint ivuselela ukukhathazeka nokudangala kwayo njengoba usanta wangempela engajabulela ukuthotshiswa noma ihembe lezinwele. USteinbeck wayecabanga ngabo lapho ebhala ukuthi, "Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi kuyinhlamba enkazimulweni yokugula kwabo ukululama."

Imfihlakalo, egxile enkululekweni, yenqaba ukuchazwa-ngomzimba wabo, ngamasiko abo, nangobuntu babo. Bayingqayizivele kuyo yonke imithetho. Bakholelwa (noma ngokuqhubekayo noma okwesikhashana) ukuthi bangakwazi ukukhipha noma bafunde izingqondo noma bashintshe imvelo yabo ngokuzimisela ukuthi yehluke, ukuthi bakhululiwe ezibalweni zama-calories, isikhathi, nemali, futhi bayakugwema uma ungakwenzi lokho vuma ukuyikholwa, futhi. Okuyimfihlakalo akuvamisile ukuhlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba uzizwe ukhathazekile noma ucindezelekile, kepha lapho bekwenza, bazama ukubalekela isimo, umshado, noma umsebenzi obenza bazizwe ngaleyo ndlela. U-Albert Ellis uthe umqondo omkhulu wobuntu ukuthi abekho abantu abanamandla angaphezu kwawabantu noma abaphansi. Kungenzeka ukuthi uHorney wengeze ngokuthi abekho abantu abengeziwe, akekho noyedwa oyisiqhingi, ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kwabantu, ngaphandle kwemizimba yabo.

Kungakhathaleki ukuthi yini enye eqhubekayo ekwelashweni, lapho owelapha enza isiguli sibe nomuzwa wokuthi uqobo lwaso lukhona ekwelashweni, okudingeka kakhulu yilokho okulindelekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho isiguli sitshale imali ethe xaxa kulokho esikufunayo — kulapho isiguli sidelela uqobo lwaso uqobo — kulukhuni kakhulu ukwenza isiguli sibonise uqobo lwaso nokwenza isiguli sibe nomuzwa wokuthi owaso uqobo ungowaso. Iziguli ezinjalo zikholelwa ngokujulile ukuthi umelaphi obheke uqobo uqobo uzama ukubathobisa ngokubuza ukufinyeleleka komuntu uqobo.

Ukuthola owelapha, sicela uvakashele i-Psychology Today Therapy Directory.