Umjaho eMelika: Isandla Esingabonakali Sengqondo Engacacile

Esikhathini esisele saleli khulu leminyaka, izahlulelo mayelana nokuvelela kanye nomthelela wohlanga emphakathini waseMelika kuzodingeka ukuthi zibheke uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ezibucayi zakamuva. Ukuhlubuka okusobala kwezenhlalo eFerguson naseBaltimore, ukubulawa kwabantu okwakugqugquzelwa ngokobuhlanga eCharleston, kanye nochungechunge oluqhubekayo lwamadoda amnyama, abesifazane nezingane ababulawa ngamaphoyisa luzoqhubeka nokuba nezimpawu ezibalulekile. Iqiniso elishaqisayo ukuthi le micimbi yenzekile ngenkathi abahlali baseWhite House bewumndeni wase-Afrika waseMelika. Ngesinye isikhathi, izinkulumo ezingabonakali zobandlululo nokucwasana ngokobuhlanga zazigcwele emphakathini wonke waseMelika, kepha selokhu i-vitriol yobuhlanga ye-Civil Rights Era icishe yaphela.

Namuhla yidlanzana elincane kuphela labantu baseMelika elisekela noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuzwana nomnyama. Uma ukucwasana kwabantu besikhathi esidala kusobala ukuthi akuyona imbangela esebenzayo, kungani imiphumela yabaMnyama iba yimbi kakhulu kunaleyo yabaMhlophe ezinhlakeni eziningi kangaka ezibalulekile zempilo? Futhi kungani isimo samanje sezobudlelwano bezinhlanga — sivezwa ubuphoyisa, ukugqunywa ejele, kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi — sibhekwa ngendlela ehluke kangaka ngabantu abamnyama baseMelika nabamhlophe baseMelika?

Ngikholwa ukuthi ezinye izimpendulo ezibalulekile zale mibuzo zingatholakala ekuvuthweni okungazi lutho okuthwalwa iningi lethu ngokungazi. Encwadini yabo entsha, I-Blindspot: Ukucasha Okucashile Kwabantu Abalungile , UDkt.Anthony Greenwald, uprofesa wesayensi yezenhlalo eNyuvesi yaseWashington noDkt.Mahzarin Banaji, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseYale University, babelana ngemiphumela yeminyaka engama-30 yocwaningo lwezengqondo ukuze banikeze ukuqonda okujulile ngezikhala zethu zamanje zobuhlanga.

Ngokuya ngocwaningo lwabo, uma kungenjalo abantu “abalungile” abangasoze bazibheka njengabacwasa ngokobuhlanga, abathanda ubulili, abathanda ubungqingili, njll. Lokhu kubandlulula kuvela engxenyeni yomqondo esebenza ngokuzenzakalela nangendlela efanele, futhi yenza umsebenzi wayo ngaphandle kokuqwashisa kwethu. Uma singabuzwa ukuthi ngabe sinezinkolelo noma izimo zengqondo yini, besivame ukuziphika, kepha noma kunjalo zinomthelela onamandla futhi osabalele ezinqumweni nasekuziphatheni kwethu.

Ngibe nengxoxo ejulile noDkt Greenwald mayelana nokuqonda okuvame ukumangaza kusuka Blindspot .

JR: Yini ekugqugquzele ukuthi ubhale Blindspot?

AG: Maphakathi nawo-1990s, umbhali engangisebenza naye uMahzarin Banaji, uBrian Nosek (omunye umcwaningi wase-University of Virginia), nami ngasungula i-Implicit Association Test (IAT) yokuhlola ukuchema kwabantu nokungazi lutho. I-IAT ikhiqize imiphumela eqinile futhi ethakazelisa kakhulu. Abantu abaningi babenentshisekelo yokuthi sabona ukuthi kufanele sikhiphe okuthile okufundisayo, okufundekayo, futhi lokho kwakuzokhomba eminye yemiphumela yalolu hlobo locwaningo.

JR: I-IAT akuyona nje enye ipensela nemibuzo yamaphepha. Ungachaza ukuthi luhlobo luni lovivinyo nokuthi lukwazi kanjani ukukala ukuchema umuntu angazi ukuthi unakho?

AG: Yebo, kepha indlela esheshayo yokufunda ngokuthi i-IAT isebenza kanjani ukwenza olunye lwezivivinyo. Ukuhlolwa komjaho kukuwebhusayithi ye-Project Implicit futhi kuthatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela. Kukhona nezibonelo ze-IAT eziphrintiwe ku- Blindspot ongathatha futhi uzuze amaphuzu.

Kafushane nje, i-IAT iwumsebenzi onezingxenye ezimbili obandakanya ukuphendula uchungechunge lwamagama nobuso obuvela esikrinini sekhompyutha. Amagama ayathandeka noma awajabulisi futhi ubuso bungubuso babantu abamnyama noma abamhlophe. Engxenyeni yokuqala ye-IAT ucelwa ukuthi wenze impendulo efanayo (cindezela ukhiye ofanayo) lapho kuvela ubuso obumhlophe noma igama elimnandi esibukweni bese ucindezela ukhiye ohlukile uma kuvela ubuso obumnyama noma igama elingajabulisi. Uzama ukukwenza lokhu ngokushesha okukhulu ngaphandle kokwenza amaphutha. Engxenyeni yesibili, unemiyalo emisha. Manje ubuso obumhlophe namazwi angajabulisi ahlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​futhi uphendula ubuso obumnyama namazwi amnandi usebenzisa ukhiye ohlukile. Umehluko phakathi kwesikhathi esithathayo ukwenza lezi zivivinyo ezimbili yisilinganiso sokuthandayo. Uma, njengabantu abaningi, ushesha lapho ubuso obumhlophe namagama amnandi ehlanganiswa ndawonye kunalapho ubuso obumnyama bufakwe amagama amnandi, unokukhetha okuzenzekelayo okuvumela ukubuka ubuso obumhlophe, nabantu abamhlophe, okuhle kakhulu kunabantu abamnyama.

Lapho ngenza futhi ngizama lo msebenzi cishe ngo-1995, ngangimangele ukuthi ngangishesha kangakanani kokunye kunakwelinye.

JR: Lesi ngesinye sezikhathi ze-aha kwezesayensi lapho usosayensi ezama ukuziqambela yena.

AG: Ngithole ukuthi ngingahlanganisa ubuso obumhlophe namazwi amnandi ndawonye ngokushesha okukhulu kunalokho bengingafaka ubuso obumnyama namazwi amnandi ndawonye. Ngangizitshela ukuthi lokhu bekuwumkhuba nje wendaba. Kepha umehluko wesikhathi awushintshanga ngokwenza okuningi. Ngithathe isivivinyo ngokoqobo izikhathi eziyikhulu kule minyaka engama-20 edlule futhi izikolo zami azikashintshi kakhulu. Ngangicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuyathakazelisa ngempela, ngoba imiphumela yami yokuhlolwa yayingitshela ukuthi kukhona okuthile engqondweni yami engangingazi nokuthi kukhona ngaphambili.

JR: Yini emangaza kakhulu abafundi ngalokho okusencwadini?

AG: Into ebiyinselelo enkulu kubafundi nakwabanye abathathe i-IAT, wukugqama kokucwasa okuvezwa ocwaningweni esilwenzayo. Uma ngithi kugcwele yonke indawo, angisho nje kuphela inani labantu ababambe lokhu kucwasana. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu zengqondo ehlukile, njengokuthanda abamhlophe ukwedlula abamnyama, abancane kunabadala, abaseMelika ukwedlula abase-Asiya, nokunye okuningi. Umkhawulo wedatha nawo uyamangaza. Isibonelo, i-Implicit Association Test ikhombisa ukuthi ama-70% abantu bancamela abantu abasebasha kunabantu asebekhulile, futhi lokhu kucwasa kobudala obugcwele kubanjwa ngokuqinile kubantu abaneminyaka engama-70 noma engama-80 njengoba kunjalo ngabantu abaneminyaka engama-20 nengama-30.

JR: Ezingxoxweni zethu zakamuva, ubhekise kubuchwephesha bengqondo obuthola i-Implicit Revolution. Ungasitshela ngale ntuthuko?

AG: Yebo futhi lolu shintsho ngokwengxenye lubhekele umsuka we-Implicit Associations Test, okuwuhlobo lwangaphambili lwe-Implicit Attitudes Test yethu. Kwaqala ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980 lapho izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezinengqondo zazifunda inkumbulo, futhi zathola izindlela ezintsha (noma empeleni zavuselela ezinye izindlela ezindala) ukukhombisa ukuthi abantu bayazikhumbula izinto ababengazi ukuthi bazikhumbule. Lokhu kwathatha isimo sokwenza "imisebenzi yokwahlulela" ekhombisa ukuthi bathathe okuthile kokuhlangenwe nakho, kepha abakukhumbuli okwenzekile uqobo. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo lwalubizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo engafakwanga ngokuphelele, igama eladuma kakhulu ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 nguDan Schacter ongusolwazi eHarvard.

Mina noMahzarin besiqala ukuba nentshisekelo enkulu kulolu cwaningo futhi besicabanga ukuthi kufanele sikwazi ukukusebenzisa kwi-psychology yezenhlalo. Ngakho-ke saqala ukwakha izindlela zokukala izimo zengqondo ezingacacile nezinkolelo-ze. Sichithe iminyaka eminingana sizama ukuthola indlela ezosebenza ngezifundo zabantu, ngaleso sikhathi okwakungabaphuma phambili ekolishi abavela e-Ohio State University, University of Washington, Yale naseHarvard. Siphumelele futhi sabona ukuthi ukuqonda ingxenye engacacile yezingqondo zethu kunamandla amakhulu.

Lolu cwaningo olusobala luye lwaba yimpumelelo enkulu, empeleni, okuholele ekushintsheni kwepharadikhi kwezengqondo. Futhi isaqoqa amandla eminyakeni engama-25 ngemuva kokuthi iqale emkhakheni wememori. Cishe eminyakeni emi-5 eyedlule, ngithathe isinqumo sokuthi sidinga igama lale nguquko, ngakho-ke ngaqala ukuyibiza ngokuthi yi-Implicit Revolution. Leli akulona igama lokubamba ozolithola yonke indawo. Empeleni, angikaze ngishicilele noma yini engizama ukuyimemezela njengelebula lalokho okwenzekayo manje futhi yayingafakwanga naku Blindspot . Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi kuyinto yangempela.

JR: Futhi uqonde ukuthini ngokuthi "okufakiwe"?

AG: Ingqondo yenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo ezondla emcabangweni wethu oqondile futhi inikeze isisekelo sokwahlulela. Umphumela uba ukuthi senze izinqumo eziqondiswayo eziqondiswa izinto ezingaphandle kokwazi kwethu. Sithola kuphela imikhiqizo yokugcina, futhi asiboni ukuthi leyo mikhiqizo ishintshwe kangakanani isipiliyoni sethu sangaphambilini. Yilapho kungena khona lokho kucwasana kanye nezinkolelo-ze.

JR: Ngizwile lokhu kubhekiswa njengamazinga ahlukene wokuqonda yilolo limi ongalusebenzisa ukuluchaza?

AG: Yebo la mazinga achazwe ngezindlela ezahlukene, kodwa okubalulekile umqondo wokuthi kukhona amazinga. Kunezinga elihamba kancane, elisebenza ngokuzenzekelayo elingaphandle kokuqwashisa, kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokunaka elingasebenza ngamabomu nangokunengqondo ngenhloso yokwazi. Lowo ngumehluko ochaza empeleni i-Implicit Revolution. Siphakamisa leli zinga eliphansi — ileveli engacacisiwe, ileveli yokuzenzekelayo, ileveli enembile — iye ekugqameni okuhambisana nokubaluleka komsebenzi eyenzayo.

JR: Ngakho-ke uma ngikuqonda kahle, lapho sibona izinto, leyo micabango nemibono empeleni iyimikhiqizo yokuphela kwezinqubo zokungazi? Asazi ngempela "ukwenziwa kwesoseji" okwenze ukudala le mikhiqizo yokugcina yomcabango nokubona?

AG: Lesi isingathekiso esihle. Esinye isibonelo engithanda ukusisebenzisa ukuchaza lo mehluko ngesosesho lweGoogle. Uma ubheka okuthile kuGoogle, izikhangiso zimane nje zizigelekeqe kusikrini sekhompyutha yakho ezihlobene nalokho obukufuna. Njalo lapho sifaka umbuzo kwinjini yokusesha kunezinqubo ezisheshayo futhi ezingabonakali ebesingakwazi ngisho nokulandela. Konke esikubonayo ukuphela komkhiqizo okuvela esikrinini. Lowo mehluko phakathi kwezinga elingemuva kwesikrini elisebenza ngokushesha okukhulu futhi yini esiyibonayo esikrinini, esingayifunda futhi siyitolike futhi siyisebenzise, ​​iyahambelana namazinga womabili abekhuluma ngawo manje kwezengqondo.

I-JR: I-Stereotype yigama elisemqoka emsebenzini wakho. Siyisebenzisa kakhulu, kepha anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi sihlala sinombono ocacile wokuthi kusho ukuthini. Usebenzisa kanjani igama elithi stereotype emsebenzini wakho?

AG: Igama elithi stereotype laqala njengegama elingokwengqondo emibhalweni yentatheli uWalter Lippmann. Kwaqhamuka egameni lomphrinta elalikhuluma ngebhulokhi yensimbi enekhasi lohlobo oluqoshwe kuyo elalingasetshenziselwa ukuqeda amakhophi amaningi alandelanayo, ngalinye lifana nelinye. UWalter Lippmann wasebenzisa inkolelo-ze ukubhekisa emqondweni okhipha isithombe senhlalo yawo wonke umuntu osesigabeni esithile, njengobudala, ubuhlanga, ubulili, noma abanye manje esihlanganisa igama elithi stereotype. Lapho inkolelo-ze isetshenziselwa ukuqonda abantu, wonke umuntu osesigabeni senhlalo ubonwa njengokwabelana ngezinto ezifanayo. Ngokwezinga esibona ngalo bonke abesifazane, bonke abantu asebekhulile, bonke abantu abakhubazekile, bonke abantu base-Italiya njengabanezimfanelo ezabiwe sisebenzisa lesi sikhunta esifanayo esasichazwa nguLippmann njengalowo osenqubo yokuphrinta. Ama-stereotypes aqeda ngempumelelo umehluko phakathi kwabantu abasesigabeni ngasinye, futhi kunalokho agxile kuphela ezimfanelweni abelana ngazo.

I-JR: Ngizwile izinkolelo ezifanekiselwa njengohlobo lokucabanga okuvilaphayo. Ucabangani ngesitatimende sakudala sokuthi imibono eyeqisayo inenhlamvu yeqiniso?

AG: Ngicabanga ukuthi bavame ukukwenza. Nginenkolelo yokuthi abashayeli beBoston bangaphandle kokulawula. Ngenkathi ngicabanga ukuthi kune-kernel yangempela yeqiniso kuyo, angifuni ukucabanga ukuthi bonke abashayeli beBoston bangabantu basendle futhi kufanele uzame ukuphuma emgwaqweni kulelo dolobha I-kernel yeqiniso imvamisa umehluko ophakathi kweqembu elilodwa nelinye iqembu. Isibonelo, kukhona iqiniso ngokusobala emibonweni yobulili yokuthi abesilisa bade maqondana nabesifazane. Kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi wonke umuntu wesilisa mude kunabo bonke abesifazane. Inkinga ngezinkolelo-ze yilapho sikushaya indiva umehluko ngamunye phakathi kwabantu abaphakathi kwesigaba. Ngakho-ke yebo, kune-kernel yeqiniso emibonweni eyeqisayo, kodwa silahlekelwa yiqiniso lapho sibavumela balawule imiqondo yethu ngezinga lokuthi singaboni ukwehluka ngakunye phakathi kwabantu.

Kufanele ngisho enye into mayelana nomqondo wokuthi izinkolelo-ze ubuvila bengqondo. Lokho kulungile impela. Lapho sisebenzisa inkolelo-mbono, kungumqondo wethu osebenza ngokuzenzekelayo futhi usinikeze okuthile okuwusizo kwesinye isikhathi futhi kwesinye isikhathi okungasizi. Kepha imvamisa akukhathazi kangako ukuzibuza ukuthi ngabe kuyasiza noma cha. Kufanele sazi ukuthi ingqondo yethu isebenza ngale ndlela. Kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokusebenza futhi kusenzela umsebenzi omningi omuhle. Kepha sidinga ukuqaphela ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi izokwenza umsebenzi ongena endleleni yalokhu esizama ukukwenza.

JR: Uyazi ukuthi bekunombono othakazelisayo esahlukweni 5 sencwadi yakho mayelana nemibono eyeqisayo engingakaze ngiyithole ngaphambili. Kungumqondo ophikisayo wokuthi ukusebenzisa izinkolelo-ze kungakusiza ufike ezingeni lapho ukwazi khona ukufanekisa ubuntu nobungqayizivele bomuntu, okuhluke ngokuphelele ekucabangeni okuqinile. Ungakuchaza lokho?

AG: Yebo kungumbono onzima, futhi lowo ongekho ngempela okwamanje kusayensi yezenhlalo. Kuleso sahluko sihlolisise ukuthi singahlanganisa kanjani izigaba ezinjengobuhlanga, inkolo, ubudala, njll ukuze kutholakale indalo eyingqayizivele kakhulu, ngoba lezi zinhlanganisela zakha izithombe ezingqondweni zethu. Isibonelo, kuleso sahluko siphakamise ukufanekisa engqondweni yakho uprofesa omnyama, ongumSulumane, owamashumi ayisithupha, waseFrance, ongungqingili wezithandani. Manje, iningi labo alikaze lihlangane nanoma ubani onazo zonke lezo zici, kepha singakwazi ukuhlanganisa ndawonye amalebula afana nezinhlobo zomsebenzi, izinkanuko zobulili, njll, futhi sizihlanganise ukwakha isigaba somuntu esinengqondo kithi. Asinabunzima bokwenza isithombe esihle ngokwengqondo salolo hlobo lomuntu, noma kungenzeka ukuthi asikaze sazi umuntu onjalo empilweni yakho yonke.

JR: Incwadi yakho isuselwa ocwaningweni oluningi. Iphrojekthi engenzi lutho inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ababambe iqhaza.

AG: Empeleni bangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-16 abantu. Saqala ngo-1998 futhi manje kunezinguqulo zayo eziyi-14 ezahlukahlukene kuwebhusayithi manje. Iningi labo seligijime isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi. Siyazi ukuthi i-Implicit Association Test iphothulwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-16 Esiphothulwe ukwedlula noma yikuphi ukuvivinywa kwezimo zobuhlanga, ezikala ubumnandi nokungathandeki okuhambisana nezigaba zezinhlanga ezimnyama nezimhlophe. Lokho kuhlolwa kuqediwe phakathi kwezikhathi eziyizigidi ezine nezingu-5.

JR: Isici esisodwa esijabulisayo se- Blindspot imisebenzi yokusebenzisana, ukubukwa, nezibonelo ezingokoqobo ezisiza ukubandakanya abantu kule mibono nemiqondo. Ekuqaleni kwencwadi khombisa umqondo wendawo engaboni. Ungasitshela ukuthi yini leyo nokuthi indawo eyimpumputhe isisiza kanjani ukuthi siqonde le ndawo yonke yezinkolelo-ze nokubandlulula okungafakwanga?

AG: Indawo eyimpumputhe ukubonakaliswa okudala kokuqonda okubandakanya ukubheka ikhasi elinamachashazi amabili ahlukaniswe cishe ngamasentimitha ama-5 ekhasini elimhlophe. Uma uvala iso elilodwa bese ugxila kuchashazi elilodwa bese uhambisa ikhasi ngaphakathi kwamasentimitha angu-7 kwamehlo akho, elinye ichashazi liyanyamalala. Ngemuva kwalokho, uma ushintsha ukuthi iliphi iso elivuliwe nelivaliwe, ichashazi elanyamalala liyabonakala bese elinye ichashazi linyamalale. Leyo yindawo eyimpumputhe. Uma uhlangabezana nale ndawo eyimpumputhe ekubonisweni, ingemuva liyaqhubeka, futhi kukhona inkohliso yembobo kumbono wakho. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi empeleni ubuchopho bakho buyigcwalisa endaweni engaboni nganoma yini enye esendaweni. Indawo eyimpumputhe iba yisifaniso socezu lwensiza yengqondo engaboni empeleni okwenzekayo.

JR: Sifakwe izintambo ezinzima ukuba nendawo ebonakalayo engaboni.

AG: Kulungile, kepha indawo eyimpumputhe engqondo esikhuluma ngayo akuyona nje into eyodwa ekhokhelayo. Empeleni luhlu lonke lokusebenza kwengqondo, esingakuboni kwenzeka. Kwenzeka kungabonakali. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. Isimanga se-Implicit Association Test ukuthi empeleni isisinikeza indlela yokubona izingxenye zengqondo lapho lezi zinto zenzeka khona.

I-JR: Ukutholwa kobuhlanga kwe-IAT kuthi abantu abaningi baseMelika bathanda ubuso babamhlophe maqondana nobuso obumnyama, okulula ukunweba bube yintandokazi yabantu abamhlophe kunabantu abamnyama. Kepha yini okufanele siyenze ngalokhu? Kwabanye abantu iqiniso lokuthi uthanda ubuso obuhlukile kulolu vivinyo ngeke libe ucezu lwemininingwane engabalulekile.

AG: Ungase ucabange ukuthi “Kulungile nginakho lokhu kukhetha ngokwe-IAT, kodwa ingabe leyo akuyona nje indlela ehlukile yokulinganisa engingakusho uma ungangibuza imibuzo ngokuthanda kwami ​​ubuhlanga?” Kodwa lokho akulungile. Ukuchema okuvezwe yi-IAT, bekungeke kuphume ukube bengimane ngiphendula imibuzo. Uma ungangibuza imibuzo mayelana nokucwaswa kwami ​​ngokobuhlanga, bengingaphika ukuthi anginanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokukhetha ubuhlanga. Futhi hhayi ngoba ngiqamba amanga, kepha ngoba angazi izinhlangano ezizenzakalelayo ezivezwa yi-IAT. Le phethini empeleni isebenza iningi lamaMelika nabantu bakwamanye amazwe futhi.

JR: Kunesibonelo encwadini yakho somuntu akubhalele wathi ayikho indlela yokuthi bamthande ngempela uMartha Stewart ukwedlula u-Oprah Winfrey, yize izivivinyo zakho zisho ukuthi ziyathandwa.

AG: Yebo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kunomthombo oqondakala kakhulu wokumelana nokukholelwa ukuthi lokho okulinganiswa yi-IAT kunokubambisana. Lokhu singakuqonda ngokwemibono yamazinga amabili esixoxe ngawo phambilini. IAT ilinganisa okuthile okwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo ezingeni eliphansi, ngaphandle kokuqwashisa kwethu. Imibuzo yokuhlola, noma kunjalo, lapho uphendula khona ngamagama noma amamaki wokuhlola akhombisa imicabango yokwazi eyenzeka ezingeni eliphakeme. Manje siyaqonda ukuthi la mazinga amabili engqondo akudingeki avumelane. Ngemuva kwalokho kuba ngumbuzo wokuthi ungabhekana kanjani nalokhu kungafani.

Omunye wemibuzo ejwayelekile esivame ukuwuthola ukuthi ngabe isimo sengqondo sokungazi esilinganiswa yi-IAT sinomthelela omkhulu ekuziphatheni kwethu. Impendulo inguyebo. Izinhlangano esizenzekelayo esizenza kulelizinga eliphansi, elingazi lutho zizokhiqiza imicabango ephilayo ekhombisa lezo zinhlangano, yize singazi nokuthi sinabo. Lokhu kungashintsha izinqumo esizenzayo ngokuqaphela.

Unkosikazi wami wangitshela ngendaba yomsakazo ayizwa ngommeli omnyama ogama lakhe linguBryan Stevenson osebenzela i-Equal Justice Initiative. Ubesenkantolo neklayenti, okwakuthiwa limhlophe, lihleli etafuleni labameli ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqulwa kwecala. Ijaji lingene lafika kuMnu uStevenson lathi “Hheyi, wenzani uhleli etafuleni lezokuvikela? Akufanele ube lapha kuze kube yilapho ummeli wakho esekhona. ”

JR: Kuyamangalisa lokho!

AG: Yebo. UBryan Stevenson wahleka. Ijaji lahleka. Kodwa kwakuyinto ebucayi kakhulu, ekhombisa ukusebenza okuzenzakalelayo ekhanda lejaji okwakumtshela ukuthi umuntu omnyama ohlezi etafuleni lezokuvikela, ngisho noyedwa ogqoke isudi, akasiye ummeli kodwa ummangalelwa.

JR: Hawu. Kwesinye seZithasiselo ku Blindspot, uchaza ushintsho olukhulu emashumini eminyaka ngendlela abantu abaphendule ngayo imibuzo eqondile ngobuhlanga. Uhlobo lwemibono engemihle ngabantu abamnyama alusavunyelwa kakhulu, njengoba lwalunjalo ngaphambi kwenkathi yamaLungelo Omphakathi. Ngabe i-IAT ayisitsheli yini ukuthi lezi zinkulumo ezicace bha zokubandlulula ngokobuhlanga kungenzeka zishintshile ngaphandle koshintsho olufanayo ezinhlanganweni ezingezinhle abantu abaningi abangaqhubeka nokubambelela kubantu abamnyama?

AG: Yebo Mahzarin nami ngikuqaphele kakhulu ukusho ukuthi izinyathelo ze-IAT azikufanele ukubizwa ngokobuhlanga. IAT ilinganisa izintandokazi ezizenzakalelayo zabamhlophe maqondana nabamnyama. Lokhu kuyintandokazi umuntu angaba nayo uma ethanda abamhlophe nabamnyama, uma engabathandi abamhlophe nabamnyama, noma uma ethanda abamhlophe futhi engabathandi abamnyama. Kepha lokhu akulona ubandlululo. Kungukuhlangana kwengqondo okwenzeka ngokuzenzakalela. Kuhlobene nokuziphatha okubandlululayo, kepha akusho ukuthi kunendlela yokuziphatha enobandlululo. Lokhu kuyinto eyenzeka ngokucashile kakhulu.

JR: Okunye okutholakele okuthakazelisayo okuchazayo encwadini yakho ukuthi abantu abaningi base-Afrika baseMelika nabo bathanda abelungu abangazi lutho.

AG: Lokho kuyiqiniso. Phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika-baseMelika e-United States kukhona ukucishe kuhlukane phakathi kwalabo abathanda ubuso babamhlophe maqondana nabamnyama nalabo abathanda abamhlophe abazwana nabo. Kodwa-ke uma labo bantu abafanayo bebuzwa ukuthi bazizwa befudumele yini kwabamhlophe uma kuqhathaniswa nabamnyama, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bazokubeka kucace bha ukuthi bazizwa befudumele kubantu abamnyama kunabantu abamhlophe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kubonakala sengathi abantu abaningi base-Afrika baseMelika abalawulwa ngokunemba kwezepolitiki njengabamhlophe, iningi labo elicabanga ukuthi uma bezizwa befudumele kakhulu kohlanga oluthile kunolunye ukuthi akufanele baveze lo muzwa. Kepha hhayi phakathi kwabantu abamnyama. Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bakhombisa amaphethini ahlukile emjahweni we-IAT kunabamhlophe, kepha akufani ncamashi. Zilinganisiwe kakhulu futhi ngokwesilinganiso zibonisa okuncanyana okuthandwa kakhulu ngandlela thile ngandlela thile. Kepha okufana nalokho umehluko phakathi kwalokho okushiwo amagama abo ngokuncamelayo nalokho okushiwo yi-IAT ngokuthanda kwabo. Lokho abakukholelwa ngobuqotho ngokwabo kuvame ukwehluka kulokho abakuthandayo, njengoba kujwayele ukwenzeka kwabamhlophe.

JR: Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ngabe incwadi yakho isidale impikiswano emphakathini.

AG: Kuyajabulisa lokho. Umsebenzi wethu wesayensi ube nempikiswano yokuthi kunabantu abaphikisana kakhulu nomqondo wokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi sokuphendula njengendlela yokulinganisa uhlobo lwezimo zengqondo ezazikade zilinganiswa ngemibuzo yocwaningo eyayinezimpendulo zomlomo noma amasheke asetshenzisiwe. Sithola ukuphikisana okuningi ngaphakathi emkhakheni wethu kunalokho esikwenzayo emphakathini jikelele, kufaka phakathi abafundi be- Blindspot . Cishe akubanga nakuphikisana okuqinile neziphetho zencwadi, futhi abantu abaningi bathola ukuthi le mibono ibaholela ekuqondeni ukuthi kunesidingo sokwenza okuthile ukuvimbela ukusebenza kokucwasa okungazi lutho. Kepha sinabalingani bethu besayensi abafuna ukulwa ngakho konke lokhu.

JR: Isayensi ku- Blindspot kusikisela ukuthi ukumelana okuningi kwalokhu kubandlulula okusobala kungashintsha kanjani. Kepha iqiniso lokuthi uBarack Obama wakhethwa amahlandla amabili kwesobumengameli kubonakala likhombisa ushintsho olukhulu. Abanye abantu baze bathi iminyaka yobandlululo isidlulile nokuthi sisesikhathini sangemva kobuhlanga.

AG: Nginombono wokuthi ngiyazi ososayensi abaningi bezepolitiki abanakho, okuwukuthi uBarack Obama ukwazile ukukhethwa njengomengameli yize ayemnyama. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu bekuhlobene nezinye izinto ezenzeka ezweni. AmaRiphabhulikhi ayeseqala ukulahlekelwa ukwesekwa kwezepolitiki ngenxa yezinkinga ezinjengokufika kanye nenhlekelele yezezimali yango-2008. Le mibutho yakwazi nje ukunqoba ukulahleka kwamavoti u-Obama abhekana nakho ngenxa yokuthi umnyama. Ngempela ngenze ucwaningo ngalesi sihloko esishicilelwe kumajenali esayensi.

JR: Emphakathini wabantu abamnyama kwesinye isikhathi sikhuluma ngento ebizwa nge-black tax. Leyo yinani elengeziwe abantu abamnyama abakhokhela izinto ngoba bahola imali encane, abanikezwa amadili afanele, noma izithiyo empumelelweni zinzima kubo. Manje yayiyini intela emnyama kaBarack Obama? Yini ukuba mnyama kwamlahlekisela ngamanani wamaphesenti okhetho?

AG: Izilinganiso ezivela ocwaningweni olwenzile ukuthi kube nokuncipha cishe ngo-5% kwamavoti ka-Obama ngenxa yohlanga lwakhe. Futhi abanye benze izibalo ezifanayo. Akungabazeki ukuthi uBarack Obama wayengeke akhethwe okhethweni lukamongameli olwenziwa ngabavoti abamhlophe kuphela. U-Obama ngabe ulahlekelwe ngumhlaba omkhulu, mhlawumbe cishe u-60% kuya ku-40% ngokuthanda imbangi yakhe.

JR: Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ucwaningo lwakho lwe-IAT lungenzani ukusisiza ukuthi siqonde izingqinamba eziningi zomjaho ebezisematheni muva nje — izinto ezinjengokudubula kwamaphoyisa okungekho emthethweni kwabase-Afrika baseMelika? Kulezo zimo, izikhulu cishe zisho njalo ukuthi zizwa ukuthi izimpilo zazo zisengozini, kepha iningi labantu base-Afrika-baseMelika — futhi mhlawumbe nabantu abaningi — babheka isimo bese becabanga ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani lokho?

AG: Ukuphendula lowo mbuzo, sidinga ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimo emaphoyiseni. Isibonelo, lapho amaphoyisa ezithola ebhekene nomuntu okungenzeka uphethe isibhamu, kungahle kungenzi mehluko ukuthi lowo muntu umnyama noma umhlophe. Bangacabanga ukuthi noma ngabe ungubani lowo muntu, uma bezama ukuthola okuthile okungaba yisibhamu, iphoyisa lingase libe nomuzwa wokuthi kunosongo lwangempela. Lolu uhlobo lwesimo olubaluleke kakhulu, kepha hhayi lolu engilufundile. Futhi angikakulungeli ukusho ngqo ukuthi i-IAT isebenza kanjani kuyo.

Izinhlobo zezimo zobuphoyisa engizifundayo zivame kakhulu, njengokuphrinta. Ithi iphoyisa lilandela imoto bese linquma ukuyimisa ngoba isibani sangemuva asisebenzi. Kuyaziwa kusuka ezifundweni ze-stop and frisk ukuthi kwenza umehluko noma ngabe umshayeli umhlophe noma umnyama. Yilolo hlobo lwento olungaba yizinqubo ezizenzakalelayo iphoyisa elingase lingazi. Angisho ukuthi awekho amaphoyisa azibandakanya ekuphrofetheni ngamabomu kwabamnyama ezitobhini. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokho kuyenzeka. Kepha ngicabanga ukuthi inkinga ebaluleke kakhulu ukuphrinta okufakiwe okusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo. Uma iphoyisa lisola kakhulu ukuthi kunento engekho emthethweni eyenzekayo uma umshayeli emnyama, khona-ke kubonakala kimi ukuthi kungaba khona okungaqondile, okuzenzakalelayo.

JR: Kwangimangaza ukuthola encwadini yakho ukuthi okunye ukwenziwa okuhle okubhalwe phansi kutholakala kwezokwelapha, lapho abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bevame ukunikezwa izindlela zokungenelela ezingakhethwa kakhulu. Futhi abantu abakhombisa lokhu kukhetha ekunakekelweni kwezokwelapha baphakathi kwabantu abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu ezweni.

AG: Kunzima kakhulu ukusola ukuthi odokotela bakhiqiza ukungalingani kwezempilo, okuvame ukuvela ekuphathweni ngokungalingani kwabamhlophe nabamnyama. Kunzima kakhulu ukuphatha lokhu njengento ehlanganiswa ngenhloso yokwazi ukunikeza ukwelashwa okungagculisi kangako ezigulini ezimnyama. Ngakho-ke kuyacaca ukuthi kunokuthile okusebenza ezingeni lokuzenzakalela lezinkolelo eziyisisekelo odokotela abangase bangazazi. Ochwepheshe abaningi bezokwelapha banesithakazelo kulokhu. Ezikhathini zokuqeqesha ezihlobene nokungafani kwezokwelapha bavame ukuba nzima ukuthola izingqondo zabo emcabangweni wokuthi kungaba nokuthile izingqondo zabo ezibenza banikeze ukunakekelwa okuncane kunalokho abebengathanda ukukuhlinzeka. Kuyinto ethile ngelinye ilanga ezoxazululwa ngokuqeqeshwa, kepha hhayi uhlobo lokuqeqeshwa okulula ukukwenza. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zidinga ukuhlinzeka ngemfundo eqhubekayo ngokwengeziwe ngoguquko olusobala ukuze abantu baqonde izinga izingqondo zabo ezingasebenza ngalo ngokuzenzekelayo.

JR: Le Mpikiswano Engaguquki ingukushintsha okukhulu kwepharadigm kithi. Abaningi bethu bawutholile umqondo wokuthi umhlaba uyisiyingi nokuthi uzungeza ilanga. Kepha lokhu kuyinto enkulu kubantu abanomqondo oqinile wokuzimela komuntu futhi abathanda ukucabanga ukuthi yibo abaphethe ikusasa labo.

Njengoba sisonga izinto, ngiyazibuza ukuthi yini ongayithatha njengombiko obalulekile wokuthumela ekhaya ongathanda ukuthi abantu bathole kuwo Blindspot?

AG: Luhlobo lomyalezo owaziyo ngokwakho. Kule ncwadi, besizama ukukhombisa ukuthi i-psychology ifundeni muva nje mayelana nokuthi izingqondo zethu zisebenza kanjani nokuthi yini esingayenza ukuvumelanisa kangcono indlela esiziphatha ngayo nezinkolelo zethu, kunokuphambuka kwethu okungazi lutho. Ingxenye yemfihlo yokwenza lokho ukumane wenze izinto ezibangela ukuthi ingqondo yakho yenze okungaphezulu kokusebenza ngokuzenzakalela. Ungakwenza lokhu ngokuqapha eduze lokho okwenzayo.

JR: Unikeza inselelo esihlokweni sencwadi yakho ngokusho ukuthi lokhu kungukukhetha okufihliwe kwabantu abalungile. Laba ngabantu abanezinhloso ezinhle abazibona belungile, kepha olunye ucwaningo lwakho lungakuphonsela inselelo lokho kucabanga.

AG: Kumele uqaphele ukuthi ingxenye yesizathu salo mbhalo ongezansi ukuthi ababhali ababili bencwadi bazithatha njengabantu abalungile futhi banakho lokhu kukhetha. Futhi sikholelwa ukuthi asisodwa ekucabangeni ukuthi singabantu abalungile futhi asisodwa ekungafuni ukubuswa yilokhu kucwasa. Baningi kakhulu abantu abanjalo ukuthi uma bebonke futhi bathenga lencwadi bengingacebe kakhulu impela.

I-JR: Into eyodwa engihlala ngiphawula ngayo ekufundiseni abafundi noma abaqeqeshwayo mayelana nokubhekana nabantu abonayo, abantu abangathandani nabantu, kanye ne-psychopaths ukuthi abantu abalungile bafuna ukwenza okuhle futhi bafuna ukubukwa njengabalungile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngabantu abanobugebengu, uvamise ukuthola ukuthi abafuni ukwenza okuhle futhi ababonwa njengabahle. Ngakho-ke ngicabanga ukuthi ukufuna ukuba muhle kuhamba ibanga elide ekuqaliseni ukuba muhle. Le nqubo yokwazi ngokwakho yinto okufanele uhlanganyele nayo ukuthi uyabandakanyeka yini engxoxweni yomjaho noma cha. Ngincoma kakhulu incwadi yakho nocwaningo lwakho njengesiqalo kuleyo nqubo yokuzazi-ukwazi ukuthi ukuphi nokuthi sikuphi lapha eMelika.

AG: Ngifuna ukukubonga ngokwenza lelo phuzu. Labo kithi abafuna ukuzibona njengabantu abalungile kufanele babe nentshisekelo yokufunda ukuthi ukusebenza okuzenzakalelayo kwengqondo yethu kungangena kanjani ezinjongweni zethu. Lelo iphuzu elihle okufanele ligcine ngalo.

JR: Ngiyabonga, Tony. Ngikwazisa kakhulu ukuphana kwakho nesikhathi sakho futhi nokunikeza abafundi ithuba lokuthi bahlanganyele ekuqaleni kweminye imibono emisha oyethule ngesikhathi senhlolokhono yethu. Ngokuqinisekile ngizobheka okwengeziwe nge-Implicit Revolution. Ukuba nale mibono eqondwa kabanzi kuzolungiselela indlela yezinguquko eziningi ezinhle.

AG: Siyabonga ngale ngxoxo siyabonga ukuthi ube nentshisekelo emsebenzini wethu.

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Chofoza lapha ukulalela ingxoxo ephelele no-Anthony Greenwald mayelana nencwadi yakhe Blindspot.