Amanyuvesi ama-10 amadala kakhulu emhlabeni

-Delile

• Lawa ngamanyuvesi amadala kakhulu emhlabeni, anendawo yawo kanye nonyaka wawo wesisekelo.
• Lawa ngamanyuvesi amadala kakhulu emhlabeni, nendawo akuyo
• 1. IYunivesithi yaseBoli, e-Italy (1088)
• 2. I-University of Oxford, UK (1096)
• 3. IYunivesithi yaseCambridge, e-UK (1209)
• 4. IYunivesithi yaseSalamanca, eSpain (1218)
• 5. IYunivesithi yasePadua, e-Italy (1222)
• 6. IYunivesithi yaseNaples Federico II, e-Italy (1224)
• 7. IYunivesithi yaseSiena, e-Italy (1240)
• 8. IYunivesithi yaseValladolid, eSpain (1241)
• 9. IYunivesithi yaseMurcia, eSpain (1272)
• 10. I-University of Coimbra, ePortugal (1290)
• Okushiwo okukhethekile
• 1. INalanda University, India (450)
• 2. INyuvesi yase-Al-Karaouine, eMorocco (859)
• 3. I-Al-Azhar University, eGibhithe (972)
• I-Al-Nizamiyya University, Iraq (1065)

Lawa ngamanyuvesi amadala kakhulu emhlabeni, anendawo yawo kanye nonyaka wawo wesisekelo.

Uma sikhuluma ngamanyuvesi, izindawo zifika engqondweni lapho abantu abaningi, kwesinye isikhathi abavela ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu, babelana ngazo zonke izinhlobo zolwazi, bekhuthaza ukubonakaliswa nokucabanga okujulile.

Yize namuhla kunezinkulungwane zamanyuvesi esingazithola emhlabeni wonke, ekuqaleni lezi zikhungo zazimbalwa futhi zazilinganiselwe ezwenikazi laseYurophu, okungenani uma sibheka izikhungo ezihambisana nencazelo yakudala ethi "inyuvesi".

Ngezansi sizothola okuyimayunivesithi amadala kakhulu emhlabeni, ngaphezu kokubona imvelaphi yabo futhi sizothatha leli thuba ukubalula ngokukhethekile izikhungo okuthi, yize zingaphumanga njengamanyuvesi, ziningi ezihlobene nakho.

Lawa ngamanyuvesi amadala kakhulu emhlabeni, nendawo akuyo

Amanyuvesi ayizikhungo zokwabelana ngamasiko, ulwazi lwazo zonke izinhlobo kanye nabagqugquzeli bokucabanga okujulile nokubonisa. Izwe elingenawo amanyuvesi yizwe elilinganiselwe kakhulu, elingenakho okuningi elingakunikeza umhlaba wonke ngokwesiko nemfundo. Amanyuvesi abe, okungenani ezweni lokuqala, izinjini zezomnotho nezamasiko ezibaluleke njengemboni, ezohwebo nezokuvakasha.

Izikhungo zokuqala ezibizwa kahle ngokuthi "amanyuvesi" zinomsuka wazo eYurophu yangenkathi ephakathi. Ngalesi sikhathi bekunezikhungo ezibizwa nge- "studium generale" noma "general study", okuyizikhungo lapho kufundiswa khona imikhakha eyahlukene.

Ngokulandelayo, izifundo ezijwayelekile zazinomsuka ezikoleni zasendulo zabefundisi ezazivule iminyango yazo kubantu abangakholwa. Yize isihloko esithi "inyuvesi" sasingeke sivele kuze kube ngu-1254, kunezikhungo eziningi zemfundo ngaphambi kwalolu suku ezazithathwa njengeyunivesithi yokuqala.

1. IYunivesithi yaseBoli, e-Italy (1088)

Akwaziwa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi yasungulwa nini i-University of Bologna, kepha kwamukelwa ukuthi kumele ngabe yayiseduze no-1088. Le yunivesithi yokuqala eyasungulwa, yize igama elithi "university" kanye nomqondo ongemuva kwayo wawungeke uvele kuze kube amakhulu amabili eminyaka. kamuva.

Inyuvesi yaseBologna waziwa ngokuqala izifundo eziphakeme ezisemthethweni ezweni laseNtshonalanga futhi, iminyaka engama-30, bekulokhu kuyisikhungo esivela kuso iSivumelwano saseBologna, lapho izikhungo zaseyunivesithi zaseYurophu zihlela khona izinhlelo zokufunda ezihlanganisiwe ezisungula ukuhamba kwezemfundo njengendlela yokwenza lula ukuqashelwa kokubambisana kwamakhredithi ezifundo.

Ekuqaleni ubekhethekile kwezomthetho futhi enedumela elihle kulesi siyalo. Phakathi kwabantu abakhulu bomlando abebehambele amakilasi akhe sinezibalo ezifana noDante Alighieri, uFrancesco Petrarca, uThomas Becket, u-Erasmus waseRotterdam, uCopernicus, uMarconi no-Umberto Eco. Namuhla babalelwa ku-80 000 abafundi ababhalisile.

2. I-University of Oxford, UK (1096)

NjengaseBologna, akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi i-University of Oxford yasungulwa nini, kukhunjulwa ukuthi kufanele ukuthi yayikhona cishe ngo-1096. Ngo-1167 INkosi uHenry II yaseNgilandi yanqabela amaNgisi ukuthi afunde eFrance, nokwanda inani labafundi bakule nyuvesi futhi, kusukela lapho, yaba yisikhungo sokufunda esidume kakhulu ezweni lase-Anglo-Saxon. Okwamanje yaziwa kabanzi ngezinhlelo zayo zobuntu.

Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe abagqame kakhulu sinoJohn Locke, uThomas Hobbes, uBill Clinton, uTony Blair, u-Indira Ghandi, u-Adam Smith, u-Albert Einstein, u-Erwin Schrödinger, uRobert Hooke, uRobert Boyle, uStephen Hawking noRichard Dawkins. Cishe abangama-50 abaphothule iziqu zabo sebeke bathola izindondo zeNobel futhi, namhlanje, lesi sikhungo semukela izitshudeni ezingama-20 000, ezikhethwe ngokucophelela ngemfanelo yazo.

3. IYunivesithi yaseCambridge, e-UK (1209)

Ukusungulwa kweYunivesithi yaseCambridge kuhlobene kakhulu ne-Oxford. Ngo-1209 iqembu lezifundiswa zase-Oxford lashiya lesi sikhungo sizinza eCambridge ngemuva kokubulawa kwabafundi ababili abasolwa ngokudlwengula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iCambridge yamiswa njengomphakathi wabafundi ophumelelayo nonobuciko futhi, ngo-1231, le nyuvesi yathola ukuvunywa nokuvikelwa nguHenry III. Kulokhu kuzovela umbango omlando phakathi kwe-Oxford neCambridge, kusaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla.

Abafundi nabafundisi bakhe abavelele kakhulu bahlanganisa uSir Isaac Newton, uCharles Darwin, uSir Francis Bacon, uStephen Hawking, uHugh Laurie, uStephen Fry, uJohn Milton, u-Alan Turing, uCharles waseWales, u-Emma Thompson, noSacha Baron Cohen. Kuyamangalisa kune-Oxford, ngoba iCambridge ikhiqize abathola izindondo ezingama-90 zeNobel. Ugqame ikakhulukazi kwezesayensi.

4. IYunivesithi yaseSalamanca, eSpain (1218)

Ngo-1218 kwasungulwa isifundo jikelele seSalamanca, unyaka othathwa njengosuku lokuqala eyunivesithi yamanje. Ngo-1253 iNyuvesi yaseSalamanca yathola lesi sihloko ngomyalo weNkosi u-Alfonso X Wise, eyunivesithi endala kunazo zonke ekhuluma iSpanishi emhlabeni. Ngo-1255 uPapa Alexander IV wakwamukela ukuba semthethweni kwamadigri ahlinzekwa kuwo, futhi wamnika ilungelo lokuthi abe nophawu lwakhe.

Kusukela yasungulwa, ihlale isebenza cishe iminyaka engamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili, inabafundi ababalulekile emlandweni namasiko aseSpain njengoFray Luis de León, uFernando de Rojas, uHernán Cortés, uLuis de Góngora, uCalderón de la Barca noMiguel de U-Unamuno, obengagcini ngokuba umfundi kepha futhi eyi-rector. Njengamanje inabafundi abangama-30,000.

5. IYunivesithi yasePadua, e-Italy (1222)

Njengoba kwenzeka e-Oxford neCambridge, e-Italy kwakukhona nokwehlukana. Ngo-1222 iqembu labafundi noprofesa base-University of Bologna, ukulangazelela inkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma, wathuthela ePadua futhi, lapho, yasungula lokho okwakuzogcina kuba yiNyuvesi entsha.

Phakathi kwabafundi abahle kakhulu balesi sikhungo sinabantu abanjengoNicolás Copernicus, uGalileo Galilei, uGabriele Falloppio noMario Rizzetto. Namuhla inabafundi abangama-60,000.

6. IYunivesithi yaseNaples Federico II, e-Italy (1224)

Lesi sikhungo sasungulwa nguFrederick II ngo-1224, yize igama lenkosi langezanga laze lafakwa ngo-1987. I-University of Naples kwakuyunivesithi yokuqala yezwe emhlabeni futhi, namuhla, inabafundi abayi-100,000.

7. IYunivesithi yaseSiena, e-Italy (1240)

IYunivesithi yaseSiena yasungulwa ngo-1240 futhi yathola isibusiso sikapapa ngo-1252. Phakathi kothisha bayo abadume kakhulu sinoPietro Ispano, owagcina enguPapa John XXI.

Lesi sikhungo saziwa kakhulu ngezikole zaso zoMthetho nezeMithi, samukela abafundi ababalelwa ku-20 000 ngonyaka.

8. IYunivesithi yaseValladolid, eSpain (1241)

INyuvesi yaseValladolid esinye sezikhungo ezindala kakhulu esingazithola eSpain. Njengamanye amanyuvesi amaningi aseYurophu, kunemibono eminingi ngesisekelo sayo, okuvunywa kakhulu ukuthi yasungulwa e1241 futhi kukholakala ukuthi kube ngumphumela wokudluliswa kweGeneral Study of Palencia. Njengamanje inabafundi ababalelwa ku-25,000.

9. IYunivesithi yaseMurcia, eSpain (1272)

Yize kuvame ukushiwo ukuthi yasungulwa ngu-Alfonso X ngo-1272, akucaci kangako. Yize manje kuyunivesithi enesizotha impela, ebekelwa ezinye izikhungo ezisungulwe kamuva njenge-University of Barcelona, ​​iComplutense yaseMadrid noma iYunivesithi yaseValencia, enye yezinkomba ezinkulu kakhulu zamasiko phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi. Njengamanje inabafundi ababalelwa ku-30,000.

10. I-University of Coimbra, ePortugal (1290)

IYunivesithi yaseCoimbra yasungulwa yiNkosi uDionysius I wasePortugal ngo-1290, yathola lowo nyaka isibusiso sikapapa. Ngo-1377 inyuvesi yadluliselwa enhlokodolobha, iLisbon, lapho yahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1537 lapho ibuyela eCoimbra. Kusukela ngoJuni 2013 inenhlonipho yokubhekwa njengeNdawo Engamagugu Omhlaba futhi, njengamanje, abantu abangaba ngu-20 000 bafunda lapho. Inikeza igama layo eqenjini leCoimbra, inhlangano ehlanganisa amanyuvesi angama-38 ahamba phambili eYurophu, kufaka phakathi iSalamanca.

Okushiwo okukhethekile

Njengoba sishilo, umqondo "weyunivesithi" ungowaseYurophu. Emsukeni wayo kwakunguPapa waseRoma owathatha ilungelo lokuqaphela isikhungo semfundo njengeyunivesithi ngezinkunzi zikapapa ezakuqinisekisa lokho. Ngamanye amazwi, iSonto LamaKatolika yilona elanquma ukuthi lizonikeza iziqu zaseyunivesithi esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme. Kungakho-ke, ukukhuluma ngokuqinile nokuthatha umqondo wasentshonalanga wesikhathi esidlule wale nyuvesi, isikhungo samaSulumane, seBuddhist noma sezwe sasingeyona iyunivesithi ngoba sasingahlonishwa kanjalo nguPapa futhi singesiso esobuKrestu.

Kepha lokhu akusenjalo. Namuhla amanyuvesi kuphela asungulwe ngemvume yeSonto LamaKatolika yiwo azibiza ngamanyuvesi amaKhatholika. Amanyuvesi angaphezu kuka-20 000 emhlabeni wonke awatholanga iziqu zawo ngoba uPapa uthathe isinqumo kanjalo, kodwa ngoba ahlangabezane nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokubhekwa njengezikhungo eziphakeme zokusabalalisa ulwazi lwazo zonke izinhlobo.

Iyunivesithi iqondwa njengesikhungo lapho kwabiwa zonke izinhlobo zolwazi, noma ngabe zihlobene nenkolo noma cha. Uma lokhu sikucabangela futhi sibuyekeza izikhungo ezenze lo msebenzi kuwo wonke umlando, sinakho amanyuvesi angaphandle kweYurophu amadala kakhulu kune-University of Bologna. Eqinisweni, singasho ukuthi inyuvesi yokuqala eyasungulwa eYurophu yayizoba yiPlato’s Academy e-Athens, cishe ngonyaka wama-388 ngaphambi kukaKhristu, iningi labo elibheka ukuthi liyisibonelo samanyuvesi akudala.

Ngokulandelayo sizothola izikhungo ezine zemfundo ezingabhekwa njengamayunivesithi, uma nje zisebenza njengezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme.

1. INalanda University, India (450)

INalanda University kwakuyisikhungo samaBuddha esasungulwa ngo-1193, esanyamalala eminyakeni engama-800 kamuva ngemuva kwamaTurkey amaSulumane ngaphansi komyalo kaMuhammad Bajtiar Jalgi. Ngosuku lwayo lwenani lalinabantu baseyunivesithi labafundi abayi-10,000. Yasungulwa kabusha e-2014 kukhampasi entsha etholakala ngamakhilomitha ayi-10 ukusuka lapho yayikhona.

2. INyuvesi yase-Al-Karaouine, eMorocco (859)

I-Al-Karaouine noma iQarawiyyin University mhlawumbe iyunivesithi endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Itholakala eFez, eMorocco, indaba eyasungulwa iyathakazelisa kakhulu, ngoba ingelinye lamanyuvesi ambalwa kakhulu emhlabeni asungulwe ngowesifazane, uFatima al-Fihri, wemfundo enhle nengcebo, obezama ukudla Iminyaka eyi-18 ithathe ukwakha le nyuvesi. Okuxakayo ukuthi kuze kube muva nje lapho abesifazane bevunyelwe ukubhalisa kulesi sikhungo.

Le nyuvesi ifakiwe ku-UNESCO futhi ivela nakwiGuinness Book of Records. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, isihloko "seyunivesithi" uqobo lwaso satholwa ngo-1963, ishiya isimo sayo sangaphambili njenge-madrassa. Ukusebenza kwayo kwasekuqaleni kwehluke kakhulu kunokwamanje, ngoba emsukweni wayo bekuyisikhungo semfundo samaSulumane njenganoma yisiphi esinye, kanti namuhla sisebenzise imfundiso yezwe.

3. I-Al-Azhar University, eGibhithe (972)

Enye inyuvesi ebalulekile emhlabeni wamaSulumane yi-Al-Azhar. Etholakala eCairo, le nyuvesi, njengamanje ayisebenzi, bekulokhu kuyisikhungo esidala kunazo zonke kwezemfundo nenkolo emhlabeni wamaSulumane. Kubhekwa njengokuhlonishwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma ufunda inkolo yamaSunni.

I-Al-Nizamiyya University, Iraq (1065)

Ekugcineni sine-Al-Nizamiyya University of Baghdad. Ekuqaleni, bekuyingxenye yochungechunge lwezikole ukuthi zasungulwa nguNizam al-Mulk, isikhulu sikahulumeni wase-Iran, i-vizier yamaSultan aseSeljuk. Ikharikhulamu yayo yakuqala yayihlanganisa izifundo zenkolo yamaSulumane, izincwadi zesi-Arabhu, umthetho wamaSulumane, okungukuthi, iSharia kanye nezibalo. Ngendlela efanayo ne-University of Bologna eyasebenza ngayo njengesibonelo emanyuvesi akamuva ase-Europe, u-Al-Nizamiyya wakhonza emanyuvesi ase-Arab.