Ama-ABC wezindlela zokwelashwa ezenzelwe ubufakazi (EBTs) zezingane

Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwezivakashi kwanikelwa nguSofia Cardenas, umfundi owenza iziqu ohlelweni lwe-USC Psychology Department's Clinical Science.

Uwafundile wonke amabhulogi obuzali futhi usuqala ukusola ukuthi ingane yakho idinga usizo lwesimo sempilo yengqondo. Uzithola uku-inthanethi, upheqa ngezindlela eziningi zokwelashwa. Ingabe kufanele uzame i-Play Therapy? Mhlawumbe umuthi ungasusa onqenqemeni lwezimpawu? Kuthiwani ngokunye "okungokwemvelo" njengamakristalu wokuvula i-chakra yezimpande yengane yakho nokuhlanza i-aura yayo? Izinketho zinkulu, ingane yakho idinga usizo, futhi uzozama cishe noma yini kuleli phuzu inqobo nje uma izosiza!

Lo mbhalo wenzelwe ukuthi ube ngumhlahlandlela wokukuhlomisa ngolwazi lokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi, ezisekelwa ngokwesayensi ngekusasa lempilo yengqondo yengane yakho. Khumbula ukuxhumana nodokotela wakho womndeni othembekile noma uchwepheshe wezempilo yengqondo lapho uthatha isinqumo senkambo yokugcina.

Ukwelashwa Okusekelwe Ebufakazini (EBTs). Bayini?

Ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo (njengodokotela bengqondo, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, abasebenzi bezenhlalakahle, umshado nabelaphi bomndeni) bangasebenzisa izindlela ezihluke kakhulu ukusiza izingane namakhasimende asakhula ngezimpawu zempilo yengqondo. "Ukwelashwa okusekelwe ebufakazini" (ama-EBTs) ngamasu ahlolwe kuzimo zesayensi futhi akhonjisiwe ukuthi ayasebenza. Ezinye izindlela zokwelashwa — njengokwelashwa kwangaphambilini kokuhlengahlengiswa kwempilo okunikezwa e-yoga studio yangakini — azange zivivinywe kanzima. Kungani kunendaba lokhu? Ama-EBTs yizindlela zokwelapha ezinobufakazi besayensi obusekela ukusebenza kwazo, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi zingasiza ingane yakho. I-American Psychiatric Association kanye ne-American Psychological Association babala ama-EBTs njengezindlela 'ezithandwayo' kanye 'nezindlela ezihamba phambili' zokwelashwa kwezempilo yengqondo.

Ukuze uthole isibonelo sikakhonkolo, hlola umsebenzi kaDkt. UPhilip Kendall noMuniya Khanna. Benze uhlelo lwe-Child Anxiety Tales, olunamamojula wokuqeqesha ayi-10 afundisa abazali amasu okusiza izingane zabo ngokukhathazeka. Izinganekwane Zokukhathazeka Kwezingane zakhiwe emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ocwaningo ngokukhathazeka kwengane futhi kuthathwe njengokusiza ocwaningweni lokucwaninga.

Ngabe ama-EBTs usayizi owodwa alingana konke? Noma ingabe izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa zisebenza ngezifo ezahlukahlukene?

Ama-EBTs ngokuvamile aklanyelwe ukukhomba isethi eyodwa yezimpawu ezithile. Ithebula elingezansi libala izibonelo ezithile ze-EBT zezinkinga ezithile ezivamile zobuntwana. Ungahle ubone umkhuba — ukuhlukahluka okwehlukile kweCognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBTs) kubonakala kusiza ukuphazamiseka okuhlukahlukene. I-CBT igxile emcabangweni wokuthi imicabango, imizwa, nokuziphatha kuxhunyaniswe kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukuguqula enye yalezi zindawo (isb., Isimilo) kungasho ukuthuthuka kwenye (isb., Imizwa).

Isibonelo, i-CBT eyenzelwe i-Panic Disorder isebenza ukukhomba, ukuphonsela inselelo, kanye nokuguqula imibono egcina ukwethuka kuzungeze, ngokwesibonelo, ukwesaba ukuzwa komzimba okuholela ekwethukeni, okujika kube ukuhlaselwa okugcwele.Inqubo eyodwa ye-CBT yokwehlisa izimpawu zokwethuka ukuvezwa, lapho ingane ikhuthazwa khona (ngokusekelwa uchwepheshe wezempilo yengqondo) ukubhekana nomcimbi noma uphawu lomzimba abakwesabayo esimweni sempilo yangempela (isb., Ukuhamba wedwa ematasa ezitolo ezinkulu noma ukuphakamisa isandla sabo ekilasini) kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komzimba (isb., ukuphefumula ngotshani ukudala umuzwa we-hyperventilating, uphawu olujwayelekile lomzimba lokuhlaselwa ngokwesaba).

Izingane eziningi zinama-comorbidities (okungukuthi, ukuba nesimo esingaphezu kwesisodwa sempilo yengqondo). Ishadi elingenhla lifaka ukwelashwa nguDkt.John Weisz, uprofesa waseHarvard we-psychology clinical. UDkt. Weisz udale IMATCH-ADTC (Indlela Eningiliziwe Yokwelashwa Kwezingane Ezinenkathazo, Ukudangala, Ukuhlukumezeka noma Izinkinga Zokuziphatha). IMATCH-ADTC ukungenelela kwengqondo okwenzelwe ukwelapha izingane ezinesifo esingaphezu kwesisodwa sempilo yengqondo (okungukuthi, ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo, ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokuhlukumezeka, ukucindezeleka nokukhathazeka). Ukwelashwa kunezifundo ezingama-33 ezingaxubaniswa futhi zihambisane nezidingo ezithile zomntwana.

Ukwelashwa okusekelwe ebufakazini (EBTs) kusekelwa kanjani yisayensi? Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo!

Ngaphambi kokuba ukwelashwa kuthathwe ngokuthi “kusekelwe ebufakazini,” kufanele kwenziwe izifundo zocwaningo ngazinye ukubona ukuthi izindlela ezithile zokwelashwa ziyasiza yini enkingeni ethile yezempilo yengqondo. Lezi zifundo zibizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlolwa komtholampilo," futhi zivame ukubandakanya okungenani abahlanganyeli bezocwaningo abayishumi nambili ocwaningweni ngalunye. Laba bahlanganyeli bezocwaningo banenkinga efanayo, njengamazinga emitholampilo okucasulwa okungapheli, ukudangala, noma ukukhathazeka. Ababambiqhaza bocwaningo “babelwa ngokungahleliwe” ukuthola iTreatment X noma iTreatment Y, okusho ukuthi bakhethwe kusenesikhathi ngendlela engahleliwe baye kwelashwa ngokuqhathaniswa nokunye. Uma i-Treatment Y isiza izingane ngaphezu kwe-Treatment X, khona-ke iTreatment Y ithole ukwesekwa okuthile noma ubufakazi bokusebenza kwayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abacwaningi abaningi bazozama ukuphindaphinda lokhu okutholakele ezivivinyweni ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa. Ngesikhathi ukwelashwa kubhekwa njenge-EBT, inocwaningo oluyisekelayo olusikisela ukuthi kuyasiza ekwelapheni ukuphazamiseka okunikeziwe. Uma i-Treatment Y iqhubeka nokuba wusizo, ingahle ibe yindlela yokwelashwa "esezingeni legolide", okusho ukuthi yamukelwa esidlangalaleni njengokwelapha okungcono kakhulu kwesimo esithile sempilo yengqondo.

Uma ingane yakho noma ingane yakho ingaba nentshisekelo yokuba yingxenye yesilingo somtholampilo ukuze ithole ukwelashwa futhi isize ukuqhubekisela phambili isayensi, ungangena kuwebhusayithi eyenziwe yiNational Library of Medicine ukuthola uhlu olubanzi lwazo zonke izivivinyo zokwelashwa ezenziwayo e-United States nakwamanye amazwe angama-208.

Ufuna ukuzibheka ngokwakho idatha? Funda izisekelo zokuhlola isayensi ngemuva kwesivivinyo somtholampilo

Nazi izinyathelo ezimbili ezidingekayo:

Isinyathelo 1: Thola amaphepha ocwaningo

Lesi sinyathelo sibonakala silula, kepha sinzima kunokuba ungacabanga ngoba amaphepha akhishwa kumajenali ocwaningo angavulelekile emphakathini. Siphakamisa ukuthi uqale uzame ukusebenzisa i-Google Scholar, injini yokusesha eyenzelwe ngokukhethekile imibhalo yezifundiswa. Ngemuva kwalokho, ungafaka igama lokusesha elihlobene nesihloko osithandayo, njengokuthi “izindlela zokwelashwa kwengcindezi ezinganeni” noma “ukwesekwa kwe-dysphoria,” futhi uzoba nohlu lwama-athikili ezifundiswa ahlobene nesihloko sakho. Iningi lalezi zihloko lizobhala isihloko, ababhali, nencazelo emfushane yephepha nokutholakele kwalo. Ngeshwa, ezimweni eziningi, ngeke ukwazi ukufinyelela iphepha eligcwele ngalawa mawebhusayithi.

Ngenhlanhla, abacwaningi bavame ukuvula ngokukhululekile mayelana nokwabelana ngocwaningo lwabo futhi abaningi bathumela izindatshana zabo ku-ResearchGate, ikakhulukazi i-Facebook yesayensi, lapho abacwaningi bengabelana ngamaphepha futhi basebenzisane. Wamukelekile ukuthi ufunde ikhasi lewebhu lomcwaningi futhi ubone ukuthi ngabe bayithumelile yini le ndatshana yomphakathi noma isiza esinezinhlelo zokuprinta, njengePsyArxiv. Ungaxhumana ngisho nomcwaningi ngqo ngekheli labo le-imeyili lesikhungo ukubuza ukuthi bazimisele yini ukwabelana ngomsebenzi wabo nawe.

Kungabonakala njengomsebenzi omningi ukuthola izindatshana, kepha kufanelekile ngoba izindatshana ezishicilelwa kumajenali "zibuyekezwa kontanga," okusho ukuthi elinye iqembu lososayensi libuyekeze umsebenzi wabalobi futhi labona njengesayensi eqinile. Lezi zazi zizohlola zonke izici zocwaningo— ukwakheka, izibalo ezisetshenzisiwe, kanye nendlela imiphumela okuxoxwa ngayo — ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inengqondo ngokwesayensi. Yonke le nqubo ingathatha izinyanga kuya eminyakeni, kepha uma isifundo sivele ekubuyekezweni kontanga, ungaba nokuzethemba okukhulu ukuthi imiphumela iyisayensi esezingeni eliphakeme.

Isinyathelo 2: Funda amaphepha ocwaningo ngeso lesayensi

Lapho usuthole iphepha lokucwaninga esivivinyweni somtholampilo osinikeziwe, ungaqala ukuhlola ikhwalithi yocwaningo. Nazi izinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzibheke:

1. Inani labantu ecaleni - Uma uhlola ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo, inani labantu ocwaningweni libalulekile. Izilingo eziningi eziqhutshwa kahle zomtholampilo zizoba nosayizi omkhulu wesampula nabantu abangama-50 kuye kwayi-100 eqenjini ngalinye. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela ayibangelwa icala elibi kakhulu eqenjini labantu abasesifundweni.

2. Umklamo Wocwaningo - Kubalulekile ukuhlola ukwakheka kocwaningo kwezifundo ezisekela ama-EBTs. Idizayini ejwayelekile yegolide yocwaningo lomtholampilo "yisivivinyo esilawulwa ngokungahleliwe esilawulwa izimpumputhe ezimbili." Lelo gama likhuluma ngomlomo! Ake sihlukanise.

Okungahleliwe — Izilingo eziningi zomtholampilo zenziwa ngokungahleliwe. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukwenza okungahleliwe kusho ukuthi abacwaningi babela iziguli ngamaqembu ahlukene, imvamisa iqembu lokwelashwa neqembu elilawulayo noma amanye amaqembu ezokwelapha. Ukwenza okungahleliwe kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abacwaningi abakhethi, futhi ngokwesibonelo, ukubeka iziguli eqenjini abacabanga ukuthi bazokwenza kahle kakhulu kuzo. Futhi, ukwenza okungahleliwe kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi baqiniseke ukuthi ezinye izinto ezingathinta indlela ukwelashwa okusebenza ngayo — njengesimo senhlalo yomnotho, isizinda sohlanga, noma ubulili— zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo ezimeni / emaqenjini ahlukene ocwaningweni.

Kulawulwa— Ukuhlolwa okuningi kwemitholampilo kufaka neqembu lokuqhathanisa. Iqembu lokuqhathanisa lithola i-placebo (isb., Alukho umuthi osebenzayo) noma olunye ukwelashwa. Lokhu kubalulekile esifundweni ngoba kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi babheke umphumela weqembu elifanayo lezingane noma intsha engatholi ukwelashwa okuphenywayo.

I-Double-Blind- Aziziningi izivivinyo zokwelashwa ezingaboni kabili. Kepha izifundo ezingaboni kabili zithola "inkanyezi yegolide" eyengeziwe ngokwakhiwa kwesayensi. Ukuphinda kabili okuyimpumputhe kusho ukuthi azikho izifundo ezivivinyweni noma umhloli owaziyo ukuthi umuntu obambe iqhaza kwezokwelapha unikezwa iqembu elilawulayo noma iqembu lokwelashwa. Kuyibhizinisi elikhohlisayo ukukhipha isifundo esiyimpumputhe. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlolwa okuyimpumputhe kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi okulindelwe ababambiqhaza noma kwabaphenyi ukuthi ukwelashwa okunikeziwe kungasebenza noma kungasebenzi akubenzi babandlulule phakathi nocwaningo.

Ungummeli ongcono kakhulu wengane yakho, futhi manje unamakhono ayisisekelo okuzibhekela idatha ngokwakho. Sithemba ukuthi uzizwa unamandla athe xaxa ukubona ukuthi ucwaningo lusezingeni lakho yini!

Ungabuthola kuphi ubufakazi obusha kuma-EBTs?

Nazi ezinye izinsizakusebenza ezinhle zokukusiza ukuthi ugcine amathebhu kuzindlela zokwelapha ezisuselwa ebufakazini:

Ukwelashwa Kwengqondo Okusekelwa Ucwaningo

Inhlangano Yezindlela Zokuziphatha Nezengqondo