Uhlangothi Lomphakathi lweNicotine

"Ukuyeka ukubhema kuyinto elula kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngiyazi ngoba sengikwenze amahlandla amaningi . "- UMark Twain.

Kungani abantu benenkinga engaka yokuyeka ukubhema?

Kuyinto evamile impela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kungenye yezingozi ezaziwa kakhulu kwezempilo. Eqinisweni, izibalo zikhomba ukuthi inani lokufa okuxhunyaniswa nokusetshenziswa kukagwayi unyaka nonyaka likhulu kunelokufa okubangelwa i-HIV, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa notshwala ngokungemthetho, izingozi zezimoto nokufa ngobudlova kuhlangene . Kanye nokwandisa ubungozi bemidlavuza eminingi, isifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, kanye nezinye izifo ezinzima, ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kuxhumene nokwehla kokuzala, impilo yezempilo iyonke, ukungasebenzi emsebenzini okukhulu, kanye nezindleko ezinkulu zokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Yize la maqiniso ezempilo esaziwa kabanzi, kuneminye imininingwane ngokusetshenziswa kogwayi okudingeka ukuthi ibhekwe: Yiyo kakhulu umlutha. Ngokwezibalo zeWorld Health Organisation, kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane ababhemayo emhlabeni wonke (kufaka phakathi amaphesenti ayi-16 abo bonke abantu baseMelika). Ngokwesilinganiso, amaphesenti angama-75 abo bonke abantu ababhemayo babika ukuthi bafuna ukuyeka ngesikhathi esithile, noma iningi labo ligcina libuyele ekugcineni.

Bezama ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyenza ugwayi ube umlutha kangaka, abacwaningi baye bahlola umphumela i-nicotine nezinye izithako zamakhemikhali ezitholakala kugwayi ezingaba nawo ebuchosheni bomuntu. Impela kunobufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kogwayi okungamahlalakhona kungaholela ekuthembekeni ngokomzimba nasemiphumeleni yokuhoxa efana nalokho okwenzeka ngezinye izinto ezithaka ingqondo.

Kepha lokhu kwanele ukuchaza ukuthi kungani abantu bejwayele ukubuyela emuva? Ukuhlaziywa okusha kwe-meta okushicilelwe kumagazini Isayikholoji Yokuhlola Neyomtholampilo uphikisa ngokuthi akunjalo. Ibhalwe nguLea M. Martin noMichael A. Sayette waseYunivesithi yasePittsburgh, ucwaningo lwabo lubheka iqhaza elingadlalwa izici zenhlalo ekubhemeni nokuthi lokhu kungasho ukuthini kubantu abazama ukuyeka.

Njengoba uMartin noSayette besho ekubuyekezweni kwabo, ukulutheka kwe-nicotine akwanele ngokwako ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ababhemayo benenkinga yokuyeka. Yize ukwelashwa okubuyisela i-nicotine kutholakala kabanzi, izinga langempela lokuphumelela lokusiza abantu bayeke ukubhema belilula kakhulu. Futhi, ababhemayo abayitoho bavame ukuba nenkinga enkulu yokuyeka njengabantu ababhemayo abangapheli - yize bengathathi izinga le-nicotine elidingekayo ukukhiqiza imiphumela yokuhoxa.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi bebebheka ngokucophelela izici ezingokomzwelo nezenhlalo ekusetshenzisweni kukagwayi nokuthi bangaqinisa kanjani isidingo sokubhema kubantu abaningi. Isibonelo, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukubhema kuvame kakhulu kubantu ababhekene nobunzima bezenhlalo noma abahlukunyezwa ngenye indlela ngumphakathi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi abantu abaphethwe yizinhlobo ezehlukene zokugula ngengqondo, abanamathuba aphindwe kabili okubhema uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abangenakho ukugula ngengqondo.

Ukubhema kuvame kakhulu nakubantu basejele lapho osikilidi nogwayi sebephenduke imali engakahleleki eshintshaniswa phakathi kweziboshwa. Ukubhema kuvame kakhulu kubantu abambalwa (kufaka phakathi ubuhlanga nobulili obuncane), kanye naphakathi kwabantu abanamazinga aphansi emfundo nesimo senhlalo nomnotho. Amaningi ala maqembu ayencishwe amathuba futhi akhombisa izidingo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo eziphakeme kakhulu, kanye nokuba mancane amathuba okuphumelela ekuyekeni kunabantu abaningi.

Esinye isici ebesinganakwa kakhulu ngabaphenyi kuze kube manje yindima edlalwa ukubhema ngenkathi kuhlangana. Ngokocwaningo olulodwa lwango-2009, okungenani ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabo bonke osikilidi ababhemayo bayabhenywa ngabantu abasezimweni zomphakathi, futhi ababhemayo abaningi, lapho bebona abanye abantu bebhema, banamathuba amaningi okuthi nabo bazibheme. Noma uqhathanisa ababhemayo njalo nalabo ababhema kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile, leli phethini lisabambelele.

Ocwaningweni lwakamuva olusuka e-United Kingdom, ababhemayo bavame ukubheka ukuzijabulisa njengesinye sezizathu zabo zokubhema, into eyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kubantu ababhemayo abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-35. yenza kanjalo emicimbini njengendlela yokuhlangana nesixuku.

Yize lesi sixhumanisi phakathi kokubhema nokuzijabulisa sinokufana okuthakazelisayo nezinye izinto eziluthayo, njengotshwala nensangu, akukacaci ukuthi kungani ukuxhumana okunjalo kukhona. Lokhu kusiletha endimeni okungenzeka ukuthi ukuncika kwe-nicotine nokuhoxa kungadlala ekusebenzeni komphakathi. Ekuhlaziyweni kwabo kwe-meta, uMartin noSayette bahlole izifundo zokuhlola eziyi-13 zokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-nicotine kubantu abahlukahlukene, kubandakanya nabangabhemi, ukuthola ukuthi ukuvezwa kwe-nicotine kukuthonya kanjani ukuziphatha komphakathi. Lezi zifundo zisebenzise izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphatha i-nicotine kubahlanganyeli, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi, i-nicotine gum, izifutho zamakhala, nezimagqabhagqabha ze-nicotine. Ukusebenza komphakathi kukalwe ngekhono lokuthatha izinkomba zomphakathi ezingezona ezokukhuluma, ezifana nobuso, ukusebenzisa ukuxhumana komuntu nobuso.

Ngokuya ngemiphumela yabo, uMartin noSayette bathola ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-nicotine kuyasiza ukukhulisa ukusebenza komphakathi. Abahlanganyeli abafundayo abazichazanga nje kuphela njengabanobungane, abaxakeke kakhulu, futhi abangakhathazeki ngokwenhlalo ngemuva kokufaka i-nicotine, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwe-nicotine kusize ekuthuthukiseni ukuqwashisa ngezimpawu zenhlalo nezobuso uma kuqhathaniswa nababambiqhaza abebengayisebenzisi i-nicotine amahora angama-24 noma ngaphezulu. Ezinye zezifundo futhi zikhombisile ukuthi abantu abaphethwe ukuhoxiswa kwe-nicotine babhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu ngokusebenza komphakathi uma kuqhathaniswa nabangewona abasebenzisi.

Okuphakanyiswa yile miphumela ukuthi abantu abangahle babhekane nobunzima obukhulu ekuhlanganyeleni, kungaba ngenxa yezinkinga ezingokomzwelo noma ezinye izinto, kungenzeka ukuthi bathembele kugwayi njengendlela yokunqoba ukukhathazeka komphakathi. Lokhu futhi kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ukuyeka ukubhema kungaba nzima kangaka kubantu abaningi, abakubona kuyadingeka ekusebenzisaneni nabanye.

Futhi, njengoba ababhemayo benamathuba amaningi okuhlangana nabanye ababhemayo, ukuzama ukuyeka ukubhema kuzosho nokunciphisa izindlela zokuxhumana lapho ugwayi usetshenziswa khona kakhulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, uba wedwa kakhulu ngenkathi usungula ubungani obusha nezinkundla zokuxhumana lapho ugwayi awusetshenziswa. Konke lokhu kungenza izinkinga ezifana nokuhoxa kwe-nicotine kube nzima kakhulu ukuzinqoba, ngoba abantu abaningi kungenzeka bangakulungeli ukuphatha ukuthi lokhu kungasho ukuthini ekusebenzeni kwabo nomphakathi, okungenani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Yize kudingeka olunye ucwaningo, lezi zifundo ziqhakambisa indima engasetshenziswa yi-nicotine kanye nokuhoxa kwe-nicotine ezimpilweni zenhlalo zababhemayo. Yize iningi lababhemayo lizama ukuyeka ngesikhathi esithile, lesi sixhumanisi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-nicotine nokusebenza komphakathi sisiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ukubuyela emuva kuqhubeka kuvame kakhulu. Yize lesi sixhumanisi singanakiwe kakhulu kuze kube manje, ukubona ukuthi umongo womphakathi ungakuqinisa kanjani ukusetshenziswa kwe-nicotine kunganikeza ukuqonda okungcono kokuthi kungani ukubhema kungaba umlutha kangaka. Futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kungavulela indlela izindlela eziphumelela ngokwengeziwe ukusiza ababhemayo bayeke unomphela.