Izifundo ezingamawele kanye ne "Heritage of Corpulence"

"Bekubonakala sengathi kunomsinga ongenakuphela wamawele wesilisa aneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ubudala ebetheleka egumbini. Iwele ngemuva kwewele ... ubuso babo, ubuso babo obuphindiwe bokuthi bekukhona eyodwa kuphela phakathi kwenqwaba yabo ... (p. 172) "... njengezimpethu ababezigcwele ..." (ikhasi 178) wabhala u-Aldous Huxley Izwe Elisha Elinesibindi . (1932) Nansi "umgomo wokukhiqizwa kwesisindo ekugcineni wasebenza kwibhayoloji:" (p.9) ukwenziwa kwezigidi zamawele afanayo, (futhi "hhayi amawele namathathu aqhoshayo njengasezinsukwini zakudala ezi-viviparous") (ikhasi 8) kodwa "ukwenziwa ngcono kwendalo" (ikhasi 8) okwakuhloswe ngalo ukudala ukuzinza komphakathi.

Izithombe ze Izwe Elisha Elinesibindi ziyesabisa futhi ziyaxosha, kepha amawele athande abantu kuwo wonke umlando. Kukhona amawele angokomfanekiso wezinganekwane zamaRoma, uRomulus noRemus, abancelwelwa yimpisi, futhi uRomulus wabo aqhubeka nokuthola iRoma lasendulo. Futhi kwakukhona amawele angabafowabo bakaJakobe no-Esawu abonakala ehlukile encwadini kaGenesise: u-Esawu, "owokuqala waphuma wonke ebomvu, yonke indawo njengengubo enoboya." (UGenesise 25:25) "Bheka, u-Esawu umfowethu uyindoda enoboya, mina ngiyindoda ebushelelezi." (UGenesise 27:11) (Ukuhumusha okuhlekisayo kwalesi siqephu esivela kuGenesise, lalela intshumayelo, Thatha i-Pew, ngu-Alan Bennett, ovela ku- Ngaphandle Komphetho: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOsYN---eGk.) NakuShakespeare Ubusuku beshumi nambili , amawele uViola noSebastian bafana kakhulu, bachazwa ngokuthi "ubuso obubodwa, izwi elilodwa, umkhuba owodwa nabantu ababili. Umbono wemvelo, lokho, futhi akusikho," kusho uMbusi. Futhi u-Antonio uyanezela, "Uzihlukanise kanjani? Ukuqhekeka phakathi kwe-aphula akulona iwele elingaphezu kwalezi zidalwa ezimbili." (Umthetho V, Isimo 1)

Yize uViola noSebastian kwakunzima ukuhlukanisa omunye komunye, bangamadoda nabesifazane, amawele obuzalwane, noma ama-dizygotic (DZ) futhi avela esibelethweni kusuka ekukhulelweni ngasikhathi sinye kwamaqanda amabili ngesidoda. Babelana, njengezinye izingane zakubo emndenini, kuphela ama-50% we-DNA yabo. Amawele afanayo noma e-monozygotic (MZ) avela ekuhlukanisweni kombungu owodwa futhi ahlanganyela ngokuyisisekelo i-100% ye-DNA yawo ngakho-ke ahlala engabobulili obufanayo. Ukuzimisela ukuxilonga ukusungula i-zygosity kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuhloleni amawele futhi kuvame ukwenziwa ngokuhlola umbala wezinwele, amehlo, ukuma kwezindlebe, umlomo, amazinyo, nezinye izici zomzimba, kufaka phakathi iminwe, kanye nezifundo ze-antigen zegazi eziyinkimbinkimbi . (UBörjeson, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica , 1976)

Isiphakamiso sokusebenzisa amawele ocwaningweni ngokuvamile sithathwa nguSir Francis Galton, umzala kaCharles Darwin, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. UGalton ushicilele izincwadi ezimbili, kufaka phakathi Umlando wamawele futhi nganginentshisekelo yokuhlukanisa "phakathi kwemiphumela yokuthambekela okutholwe lapho kuzalwa nalezo ezibekwe izimo ezikhethekile zokuphila," okungukuthi, phakathi kwemvelo nokunakekelwa. (njengoba kucashunwe eGedda, Amawele emlandweni nakwisayensi , 1961, amakhasi 24-25) Nokho, uGalton akazange aqhathanise amawele omndeni afanayo ngakho-ke "akanakuthathwa njengomsunguli wendlela yamawele." (I-Teo neBhola, Umlando Wezesayensi Yabantu , 2009)

Abanye abacwaningi balandela kepha kukhona uhlangothi olubi lokucwaninga ngamawele ekuqaleni nase maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, njengoba kufakazelwa umsebenzi ka-von Verschuer, owayengumeluleki kaJosef Mengele, owayedume ngezifundo zakhe ezingamawele e-Auschwitz ngesikhathi seMhlaba Impi II. Ngokusobala uVon Verschuer, owayengusosayensi ohlonishwayo, wayengumNazi futhi enodlame olwa namaSemite owayesebenzisa izifundo zakhe ezingamawele ukuqhubekisela phambili ipolitiki yakhe yobandlululo. (UMüller-Hill, Umlando nefilosofi ye-Life Sciences , 1999) Kubikwa ukuthi, uMengele wathumela izibonelo zamehlo namasampula egazi kusuka emawele angama-200 lapho enza khona ucwaningo lomuntu olungelona olokuziphatha, ku-von Verschuer ukuyohlaziywa. Kuphela u-10% walawo mawele asinda ekuhloleni komuntu kukaMengele. (Müller-Hill, 1999) Ukuze uthole ingxoxo ngokuhlanekezelwa kwesayensi ngu-von Verschuer noMengele nokubaluleka kokuzibophezela "ekubekeni izifiso zesiguli phambili kunalezo zikadokotela," bheka uColler, Ijenali Yokuphenywa Kwemitholampilo , 2006, ogcizelela ukuthi kukhona "izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zobuntu bezokwelapha: ukubaluleka noma ubungcwele bempilo yomuntu ngamunye; inhlonipho ngesithunzi somuntu, ukugujwa kokwehluka kwabantu, nokwazisa okuzwelana nobunzima besimo somuntu." (Coller, 2006) Futhi ukuthola ingxoxo ngokushiywa kanye "nomlando wokubuyekezwa" kocwaningo lwamawele olutholakala kwezinye izincwadi, bheka uTeo noBall, 2009.

Abaphenyi bokuqala bekhulu lama-20, kufaka phakathi u-von Verschuer, noma kunjalo, baqala ukubheka indima yezakhi zofuzo emkhakheni wokukhuluphala. UDkt George A. Bray, encwadini yakhe yezazi, Impi YeBulge (2007), uhlole umlando wocwaningo lokukhuluphala futhi waphinde washicilela amaphepha wangempela nguDavenport (amakhasi 474 ff) (1923), kanye no-von Verschuer (amakhasi 492 ff) (1927.) UDavenport, owasebenzisa isilinganiso azi njenge-body mass index (BMI), waba ngowokuqala ukutadisha ubudlelwano bezakhi zofuzo nemvelo ekukhuluphaleni futhi wabuza, "Lo mehluko ekwakheni phakathi kwabantu ababondile nabanenyama uncike kangakanani kuzici zomthethosisekelo?" (ikhasi 474) Kusuka kuDkt. Bray (owaboleka kumeluleki u-Edwin B. Astwood) (ikhasi 148) lapho ngathatha khona isihloko sami Amagugu Esidumbu .

Kwalandelwa izifundo ezinkulu ezingamawele, ezibandakanya nomcwaningi waseSweden uBörjeson (1976), owahlaziya ukubaluleka kofuzo nemvelo ngokuqhathanisa umehluko phakathi kwamawele phakathi kwamawele e-MZ ne-DZ, futhi nemifanekiso yawo yamawele avela lapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphenyi waseCanada uClaude Bouchard nozakwabo basungula lokho okwakuthiwa yisifundo sesikhathi eside esithi "Quebec Overfeeding Study," lapho bafunda khona amapheya ayi-12 amawele wesilisa afanayo ahlala ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo izinsuku eziyi-120 egunjini labagulayo futhi onikezwa ukudla Amakholori angama-1000 angeziwe usuku ngalunye izinsuku eziyisithupha ngesonto kwezingu-84 zalezo zinsuku. (UBouchard et al, I-New England Journal of Medicine , 1990; URedden no-Allison, Ukubuyekezwa Kokukhuluphala , 2004; Umbhede, Ijenali yaseMelika Yezempilo Yomtholampilo , 2009; UBouchard et al, Ijenali Yomhlaba Wonke Yokukhuluphala , 2014; Ukwanda kwesisindo kwakungu-8.1 kg kepha kusuka ku-4.3 kuye ku-13.3 kg. Ngokumangazayo, ukondla ngokweqile kuholele ekutheni kube nesisindo somzimba esifanayo kakhulu namaphesenti wenzuzo yamafutha ngaphakathi kwamawele amabili ama-MZ, kepha kube nokuhluka okuphindwe kathathu phakathi kwamabili ahlukile kunaphakathi kwababili. Ngamanye amagama, ukulawulwa okunamandla kwenani elifanayo lokudla ngokweqile nokwenza umsebenzi okhawulelwe ngokomzimba kukhiqize izimpendulo ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngesisindo somzimba, ukwakheka komzimba, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamafutha wesifunda kumawele ahlukene ngokwezakhi zofuzo. UBouchard ugcizelele ukuthi njengoba umphumela wanoma yikuphi ukuhlangana kwezakhi zofuzo kuvame ukuba kuncane, abacwaningi kumele bazame ukunciphisa iphutha futhi enye indlela yokugwema iphutha kungukulinganisa uqobo ukuphakama nesisindo kunokuncika emibikweni yakho uqobo ejwayelekile ezifundweni eziningi . (Umbhede, Ukukhuluphala, Supplement, 2008.) Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBouchard uchaze ukuthi "ukuhlukahluka komuntu," kufaka phakathi i- "i-determinism yebhayoloji" kokunye okungahle kube sengozini yokuthola isisindo noma yokwehlisa isisindo, "kuyinto edingekayo ngokuphelele" ekufuneni noma yikuphi ukuhlangana kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nemvelo ngokuhlonza ekugcineni izakhi zofuzo ezithile. (UBouchard, 2008)

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, abaningi badale lokho okuthiwa ukubhaliswa kwamawele ezinkulungwane zamawele e-MZ ne-DZ, kufaka phakathi lawo aseNorway, eSweden, naseFinland, nase-US, (isib. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Twin Registry; Minnesota Registry, neVietnam-Era Twin Registry .) Isazi somcwaningi wokukhuluphala u-Albert (Mickey) Stunkard, ngokwesibonelo, usebenzise ukubhaliswa kwamawele aseSweden naseDenmark kwezinye zezifundo zakhe. (Jou, I-NEJM , 2014) UStunkard et al ( JAMA , 1986) futhi wasebenzisa i-NAS-NRC Registry ukuhlola amawele angaphezu kwama-1900 MZ nangamawele angaphezu kuka-2000 DZ ukuhlola iminikelo yezofuzo ekuphakameni, isisindo, kanye ne-BMI esifundweni sokulandelela sesikhathi eside (iminyaka engama-25), ngesiphetho, "Ukukhuluphala komuntu kungaphansi kokulawulwa okunamandla kofuzo." Abaphenyi bavumile, nokho, ukuthi ukulinganiselwa kokuqina kungakhonjelwa ekugxekweni, ngakho kokubili ukubukelwa phansi kanye nokuqaguliswa okungenzeka kubangelwe, ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kweminye imithombo yokwenzelela, emaphutheni ekusunguleni i-zygosity noma ngisho nasekuhlanganiseni i-assortative (lapho abashadayo bavame ukushada khona umlingani wokwakha okufanayo.) UHeymsfield nozakwabo (Allison et al, Ukuziphatha Kofuzo , 1996) baphinde bagcizelela ukuthi "ukwakheka okujwayelekile kwamawele" kokukhuluphala akubandakanyi imininingwane efana nezisindo zabashadile nokuthi ngabe ukukhwelana ngokwe-assortative (isb.

Esifundweni sabo samawele sakudala, uStunkard et al ( NEJM, 1990) kuhlolwe ngazimbili ezingama-93 zamawele afanayo akhuliswe ngokwahlukana (enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokunquma ukubaluleka kofuzo okwabiwe ngalo endaweni ehlanganyelwe); 154 ngazimbili zamawele afanayo akhuliswe ndawonye; Amawele angamawele angama-218 akhuliswe ngokwahlukana, futhi amawele angama-208 amawele akhuliswe ndawonye, ​​wonke avela eRegistry yaseSweden ehlanganisa izifundo ezingamawele nezifundo zokutholwa. Amawele ahlolwe esevile eminyakeni engama-50, nabesifazane abangama-60%. Abaphenyi baqaphela nokho ukuthi noma amawele ekhuliswa ngokwahlukana, angafana uma izindawo zawo zokukhulisa zifana (isb. Uma amawele abekwa "ngokukhetha" emakhaya ayevame ukufana nabazali bawo bangempela.) Kulawo mawele abahlukaniswa nabazali babo bangempela, cishe isigamu samawele sahlukaniswa ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, imvamisa ngenxa yokufa, izifo, noma ubunzima bezezimali emndenini odabuka kuwo. UStunkard et al uthole ubufakazi obuqinile bethonya lofuzo ku-BMI, futhi bathole ukuthi imithelela yezofuzo inwebeka kuzo zonke izigaba zesisindo, okungukuthi, kusukela kulabo abancane kuya kulabo abakhuluphele. Baphinde baphawula ukuthi amawele afanayo akhuliswe ngaphandle ayenama-coefficients wokuhlanganisa ama-intra-pair we-0.70 kwabesilisa no-0.66 wabesifazane be-BMI futhi baphetha kulolu cwaningo ukuthi izindawo zobuntwana zazinethonya elincane noma zingenalo nhlobo ithonya. Bayacwayisa, kepha, "ukuhlala kungasho ukuthinta kofuzo okungaguquki," kepha kunalokho kuthonya zofuzo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo. (Stunkard et al, 1990) Ngaleyo migqa, u-Allison, Heymsfield nozakwabo (Faith et al, Ijenali Yomhlaba Wonke Yokukhuluphala, 2012) bagcizelele ukubaluleka kokucatshangelwa kwe- umongo wokulinganisa lapho izimo zemvelo ezitholakala ekwakhiweni kocwaningo (isb. ukufundela amawele ngenkathi bedla) kungathinta imiphumela.

Eminyakeni edlule, u-Allison, u-Heymsfield nozakwabo basebenzise i-classic twin design ukuhlola ubudlelwane balokho okuthiwa ukwakheka kofuzo emvelweni, kufaka phakathi nesikhathi sangaphakathi kwe-uterine (Allison et al, Ijenali Yomhlaba Wonke Yokukhuluphala Nokuphazamiseka Okuhlobene Nemetaboliki , Futhi basebenzise le modeli ukutadisha inkomba yomzimba nomfutho wegazi (Allison et al, Ijenali yaseMelika Yezokwelapha Zofuzo, 1995); inkomba yesisindo somzimba kusampula yamawele ezingane (Ukholo et al, Izifo zezingane, 1999); ukudla okunekhalori (Ukholo et al, Ukuziphatha Kofuzo, 1999); nokudla okuzilawulayo (Ukholo et al, Ijenali Yomhlaba Wonke Yokukhuluphala , ILondon , 2012)

Ngezansi : Izifundo ezingamawele ziye zavela ngesikhathi sikaSir Francis Galton, owaphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kwamawele ukuhlukanisa imiphumela yemvelo ekukhulisweni, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Zisetshenziswe kabi ngabaphenyi, njengamaNazi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ngokomlando, ucwaningo lokuqala olubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wokukhuluphala luvela kuDkt. UClaude Bouchard et al, ohlole amawele afanayo (e-monozygote) ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo ezingalalisiwe esifundweni esijwayelekile saseQuebec sokudla ngokweqile, nakuMickey Stunkard et al, ohlolisise amawele womabili we-monozygotic ne-dizygotic ukwehlukanisa ezemvelo emiphumeleni yezofuzo, ku kubizwe idizayini yamawele yakudala.

Ngicela uqaphele: Le yingxenye I yebhulogi enezingxenye ezimbili ekusetshenzisweni kwamawele ocwaningweni lokukhuluphala. Ingxenye II izobhekisisa ngokugcwele ukusetshenziswa kwamawele angamawele lapho iwele elilodwa elifanayo lingahambelani nesici esithile uma kuqhathaniswa nelinye. Ngokubonga okukhethekile kulabo abasize ekulungiseleleni amabhulogi I no-II, bona ibhulogi II.