Izilingo Zokulawulwa Kwezingqondo Zikahulumeni wase-U.S

IProject MKULTRA kwakuwuhlelo lokulawulwa kwengqondo lweCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) olusebenzisa amasu e-LSD kanye ne-hypnosis ukucubungula abantu. UTheodore Kaczynski, owaziwa nangokuthi yi-Unabomber, wayebambe iqhaza kolunye lwezivivinyo zikaHenry Murray eHarvard lapho iqembu likaMurray lahlukumeza, lahlukumeza futhi laphazamisa abahlanganyeli ngokwengqondo. UHenry Murray wayekade esebenzela owandulela i-CIA futhi kungenzeka ukuthi waxhaswa ngohlelo lweMKULTRA oluyimfihlo.

Umlando we-Ethic Breeches

Isayensi nayo iye yaba nesabelo sayo sokwephula isimilo, imvamisa nabantu abasengozini yokuxhashazwa (UDavis, 2006). Ukusuka ngo-1932-1972, ucwaningo lweTuskegee Syphilis lwaqasha amadoda amnyama ezifundweni zikagcunsula (Amdur, 2011). Izingane ezisezibhedlela zengqondo zitheleleke ngesifo sokusha kwesibindi (izifundo zeWillowbrook Hepatitis ngeminyaka yo-1950), zivezwe ezintweni ezinemisebe (i-Davis, 2006), kanti iziguli ezinamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka ziye zajovwa ngamangqamuzana omdlavuza aphilayo (Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Studies of the 1960s , Amdur, 2011). Ukusabela ezigamekweni zalolu hlobo kwaholela Ohlelweni Lwesimanje LweBhodi Lokubuyekeza, ngokuya ngemigomo ye-1974 Belmont Report (Amdur & Bankert, 2011; Bankert & Amdur, 2006).

Ucwaningo Lokuziphatha Okuyimfihlo lukaHulumeni wase-U.S

I-CIA isabele emibikweni yamakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukuphenya ngemibuzo nokugeza ubuchopho eSoviet Union nasePeople's Republic of China ngawo-1940 nango-1950. Ukuphendula lokhu kusongelwa kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke, basungula uchungechunge lwezinhlelo ezibandakanya iMKULTRA (Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977). Kusukela ngo-1953-1964, uhulumeni wase-U.S. Wenza ucwaningo lokuguqula indlela yokuziphatha kubantu abahlola, phakathi kokunye, ukusetshenziswa kwe-hypnosis ne-LSD ngezinhloso eziyimfihlo. (Inethiwekhi ye-CBS, 1984; I-CIA, 1977; Ikomidi Elikhethiwe Lezobunhloli kanye neKomidi Lezabasebenzi, 1977).

I-Hypnosis inqubo egxile ekunakekeleni, ehlobene nokwazi equkethe isigaba sokungeniswa kanye nesigaba sesiphakamiso (UKassin, 2004). Esigabeni sokungeniswa, ukunakwa komuntu kugxila kakhulu. Esigabeni sesiphakamiso, umuntu uvulekele iziphakamiso ezenziwe ngumluthisi. I-Hypnosis kwesinye isikhathi isetshenziselwa ukwelapha ama-phobias, ukucindezeleka, nobuhlungu (UZimbardo, Johnson, & Weber, 2006). Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi labo abathintekayo ngeke bahambisane neziphakamiso eziphikisana nentando yabo (Wade & Tavris, 2000).

Abantu bahlukile ekuthonyweni kwabo yi-hypnosis (IKirsch neBraffman, 2001). USolomon Asch uthathe umlando womqondo we-hypnosis ngengxoxo yokuthi intshisekelo ku-hypnosis ibe yisihluthulelo sophenyo olunamandla lwe-psychology yezenhlalo ekuphakanyisweni okujwayelekile (Asch, 1952). I-CIA's PROJECT ARTICHOKE isebenzise ukuphefumula kwe-sodium kanye ne-hypnosis kubahlanganyeli ekufuneni izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuphenya (Khetha Ikomidi Lokufunda Imisebenzi Kahulumeni Ngokuhlonipha Imisebenzi Yezobunhloli, iSenate Yase-United States, 1976).

Uhlelo lwe-CIA's MKULTRA lwalunamaphrojekthi ayimfihlo asekelwa yi-CIA ayi-162 ezikhungweni ezingama-80 ezinabacwaningi abangu-185 (u-Eschner, 2017). Amarekhodi amaningi alolu hlelo abhujiswa ngokwemiyalo yoMqondisi we-CIA uRichard Helms ngo-1973, kodwa amanye alahlekile ekubhujisweni atholakala ngo-1977 (Select Committee of Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977). I-CIA Chemist uSidney Gottleib usebenzise uhlelo lweMKULTRA (Gross, 2019). Lolu hlelo lwenziwe ngqo ukuze lube nendlela ehlelekile yokuxhasa ucwaningo lokuziphatha oluhlobene nokugeza ubuchopho ngaphandle kokudonsela ukunaka komphakathi noma imibuzo yokuziphatha evela emphakathini wesayensi ovamile. Lezi zifundo zihlolisise ukugeza ubuchopho kanye nemibuzo futhi zifaka izicelo zensimu ngemuva kwezifundo zaselebhu.

Zazinjani ezinye zalezi zifundo? Ingqikithi eyodwa ukuthi abaningi babengenayo imvume enolwazi nokuqapha okufanelekile kokuziphatha. U-Ewen Cameron uzame ukusula izinkumbulo ngokwelashwa okuphindaphindiwe kwe-electro-shock, ephoqa izinyanga zokulala ezibangelwa izidakamizwa, futhi ephindelela ephindelela i-LSD ezigulini zakhe eMontreal (Kassam, 2018). Isidakamizwa esaziwa kakhulu njenge I-LSD (i-lysergic acid diethylamide) , i-agonist ye-serotonin edala imibono ebonakalayo esontekile (UCarlson, 2010). Eziningi zalezi ziguli zeza emtholampilo zizokwelashwa ukucindezelwa okulingene futhi esikhundleni salokho zaxhashazwa izinyanga ezesabekayo.

Njengengxenye yohlelo lweMKULTRA, i-Agent ye-CIA yaqasha abaqwayizi ukuba bafake i-LSD kuziphuzo zabantu futhi yaphawula okwenzeka ngesibuko esinezindlela ezimbili (iZetter, 2010). Ngo-1953, uDkt Frank Olson wanikezwa i-LSD ngama-CIA agents ngaphandle kokwazi kwakhe futhi wafa ngenxa yalokho (Select Committee of Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977). Ama-CIA Agents abephathisa i-LSD kwezinye izakhamizi abahlangana nazo ezindaweni zokucima ukoma nakwezinye izindawo. Amanxusa amemele izakhamizi “ezindlini eziphephile” eSan Francisco naseNew York City lapho bezinikezwa khona izidakamizwa ngaphandle kwemvume.

Iziboshwa, iziguli ezinomdlavuza ezigulela ukufa, namasosha aseMelika nawo asetshenziselwa ezinye zezifundo, kanti ezinye izifundo ezihlongozwayo zazifuna ukukhiqiza ukushayisana kobuchopho ngamagagasi omsindo. Ucwaningo oluningi belubhekise ekusungulweni kwe- “serum yeqiniso” ezosiza ukuhambisana nokuphenywa (Ikomidi Elikhethiwe Lezobunhloli kanye neKomidi Lezabasebenzi, 1977).

INational Institute of Mental Health ixhase ezinye zezifundo ezenziwa ngeziboshwa ezidla izidakamizwa. I-LSD yanikezwa amasosha angaphezu kuka-1 100 e-U.S. (Select Committee of Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977.) Ngokusho kweKomidi Elikhethiwe Lezigele lase-US Lokufunda Imisebenzi Kahulumeni Ngokuhlonipha Imisebenzi Yezobunhloli (1976), “Lezi zinhlelo zokuhlola ekuqaleni zazibandakanya ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa ezibandakanya izifundo zabantu, futhi kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ezivivinyweni kusetshenziswa izihloko zabantu ezingavumi, ezingavolontiya. Lezi zivivinyo zenzelwe ukuthola imiphumela yamakhemikhali noma ama-biological agents lapho esetshenziswa ngokusebenza kubantu abangazi ukuthi bathole umuthi ”(ikhasi 385).

I-Unabomber kaHarvard

Olunye ucwaningo olunenkinga yokuziphatha lwenziwa nguHenry A. Murray. UMurray wayenguprofesa eHarvard University futhi wayesebenzele iHhovisi Lezinsizakalo Zamasu (owandulela iCIA) ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba. Wabhala "Ukuhlaziywa kobuntu buka-Adolph Hitler," okwakuwukuhlaziywa kwengqondo kukaHitler okwakusetshenziswa amasosha. Ngalesi sikhathi, wasiza nasekuthuthukiseni izivivinyo zokuhlola amasosha, wenza izivivinyo ngokugeza ubuchopho, futhi wanquma nokuthi amasosha angamelana kahle kanjani nokuphenywa. Izifundo zokuphenywa zifaka phakathi ukuphenywa okunamandla kwamasosha njengengxenye yokuhlola umkhawulo wamaphoyinti abo okwephuka kwengqondo (Chase, 2000). Ukusuka ku-1959-1962, uMurray wenza izifundo ezinjalo zokuphenya ngemibuzo kwabafundi baseHarvard undergraduates (Chase, 2000). UTheodore Kaczynski, owagcina esaziwa njengoThe Unabomber, wayengomunye wabahlanganyeli abangama-22 esifundweni sikaMurray, waphenywa iminyaka eminingana yokuphenywa eyenzelwe ukwephula le nsizwa ngokwengqondo.

Isiphetho

Akumangalisi ukuthi incwadi kaRichard Condon yango-1959, Okhethiweyo waseManchurian, ithathe ukunakwa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokuphela kohlelo lweMKULTRA.Ukusakazwa kwamanye ama-movie ngemuva nje kokulalelwa kweSigele ngo-1977 kuthinte ukwesaba kwesakhamuzi okuningi kokuhlukunyezwa nguhulumeni ngokwengqondo (isb. Imfihlo yeNIMH ngo-1982 futhi Iphrojekthi X ngo-1987). Ukwesaba okuqhubekayo kokuxhashazwa kwe-hypnotic kutholakala kubalingiswa abanjengoScreenslaver ku Incredibles 2 kusukela ngonyaka ka-2018. Umthelela omubi ocwaningweni olubi embonweni womphakathi wesayensi uyaqhubeka.