Iyini Injongo Yenyuvesi "Yesimanje"?

Izazi ezahlukahlukene ngokocansi zichitha isikhathi sazo zicwaninga futhi zifundisa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene abantu abazwakalisa ngazo ukwehluka kwabo ngokobulili kwabobulili obuhlukile, ubulili, ukuqondiswa, amasu wokukhwelana, phakathi kwabanye. Singobani, obani esibathandayo, esibathola bethanda inkanuko, esalala nabo ... konke kuyingxenye yezitho zethu ezahlukahlukene ngokobulili. Noma kunjalo, liyini iphuzu lalolu cwaningo nokufundisa ngezocansi, lapho izitshudeni ezahlukahlukene ngokocansi zingena khona ngaphakathi kwesimo "saseyunivesithi"?

Izazi eziningi zokwehlukahlukana kwezocansi zisebenza ngaphakathi kweminyango yezengqondo, ezengqondo, ezebhayoloji, i-anthropology, isociology, noma izifundo zobulili. Kwesinye isikhathi basebenzela ukwelulekwa, ezemfundo, ezokuxhumana, ezempilo, noma eminye iminyango. Akunandaba ukuthi yiziphi izazi zezocansi ezizithola zikhona, umbuzo obalulekile usala ... uma amanyuvesi emayelana nokucija amakhono abafundi ukuze bathole imisebenzi ekhokhela kahle, ngabe izifundiswa zokwehlukahlukana kwezocansi zingena kanjani? Kungani ukwehluka kwezocansi — indlela esiziveza ngayo ngokocansi - kungaba yisihloko lapho amanyuvesi (kanye nohulumeni) basebenzisa isikhathi nemali yabo elinganiselwe? Yini iphuzu?

INyuvesi Yesimanje

Ngokubona kwami, lapho sicubungula ukubaluleka kwezifundo ezahlukahlukene zocansi kufanele sihlale sikhumbula umlando injongo yangempela yeyunivesithi yesimanje. Futhi (futhi ngokubona kwami) inhloso yangempela yeyunivesithi iqala ngohambo olubuyela emuva ngekhulu le-19. Ukwenza ...

Kwakungunyaka ka-1810. UWilhelm von Humboldt waqinisekisa iNkosi yasePrussia, uFrederick Wilhelm III, ukuthi akhe inyuvesi “yesimanjemanje” eBerlin ngokusekelwe emibonweni yenkululeko kaFichte noSchleiermacher (Anderson, 2004). UWilhelm wayengumfowabo omdala ka-Alexander von Humboldt, usosayensi odumile owayedlala indawo uDarwin ambiza ngokuthi “omunye wabantu abakhulu kunabo bonke owake wakhiqizwa umhlaba.”

Lokhu okusha HumboldtianInyuvesi kuzohluka kakhulu ezikoleni zangaphambilini. Ukufunda kwakungekhona nje ngokudlulisa ulwazi lwamanje (kuphela lokho okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwakwaziwa ngaleso sikhathi), kwakuphathelene nalokhu ikhiqiza ulwazi olusha nokubuka leyo nqubo yokwenza ulwazi olusha esenzweni . Kwakumayelana nokuba yilungu eliqavile lomphakathi wezifundiswa, iqembu elinamalungu amaningi ahlukahlukene wonke azinikele ekusungulweni kolwazi olusha. Kwakumayelana nokuba yingxenye yesimanje inyuvesi .

Uyabona, kuze kube yilelo phuzu, izikole eziningi ezedlule bezikhona zenkolo lapho “iqiniso” bekufanele libe elokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu kanye nelaphezulu, noma izikole bekufanele zigxile kuzo ukuhweba / ubuciko kwakusho ukukhiqiza abasebenzi abanamakhono akhethekile (kungakuhle uqaphele izinhlobo zezikole zezenkolo nezokuhweba / ubuciko yilokho abanye abantu abafuna sonke sibuyele kukho, njengengxenye yenkambiso ejwayelekile yokuzama ukubuyisela impucuko yethu emuva ekukhanyisweni kwangaphambili, Ukuphila kohlobo lwangeNkathi Ephakathi).

KuWilhelm von Humboldt, inhloso yalokhu okusha HumboldtianInyuvesi uhlobo lwemfundo ephakeme — inyuvesi “yesimanje” —kungeyokubandakanya abafundi ne ukutholakala kolwazi njengoba kwenzeka , nokufundisa abafundi ukuthi “babheke imithetho eyisisekelo yesayensi kukho konke ukucabanga kwabo” (Ponnusamy & Pandurangan, 2014). IYunivesithi yaseBerlin eyasungulwa ngo-1810 (kamuva eyethiwa kabusha iHumboldt University ngemuva kwabo bobabili uWilhelm no-Alexander) yabeka isiteji salokho okubizwa ngokuthi iyunivesithi "yesimanje". Kwakuhlukile. Futhi kwaguqula umhlaba.

Lokhu okusha Isibonelo sikaHumboldt yemfundo yaseyunivesithi yayigxile ezimisweni eziningana eziyisisekelo, ezintathu zazo ezibaluleke kakhulu kubafundi bezinhlobonhlobo zocansi.

Isimiso seHumboldt 1 : Inhloso ye- inyuvesi imfundo ukufundisa abafundi ukuthi cabanga kahle , hhayi nje ukuthola ikhono / ubuciko obuthile. Ubuciko / imisebenzi / izidingo zabasebenzi zivame ukushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa amandla okwenza cabanga kahlekuvamile . UHumboldt uzwe ukuthi "ukucabanga okusebenzayo" kwenzeka lapho abafundi bebheka imithetho eyisisekelo yesayensi, basebenzise ukucabanga okususelwa ebufakazini, bacabange ngendlela enengqondo, babe nelukuluku futhi bazibonakalise, futhi bangazinzile noma baqinise ezinkolelweni (okungukuthi, abafundi kufanele basuke kusungulwe inkolelo-ze bese uphishekela amanani asuselwa ekukhanyeni; bona futhi lapha).

Izitshudeni nazo kufanele zivezwe kabanzi kubantu (babe isiko kuma-classics nokwehluka kwezenhlalo) ukuze ube izakhamizi ezingcono futhi ezinolwazi oluningi (okusho, ukuba ngabafundi impilo yonke, ukuba ngabagxeki be-Absolutism kanye nesimo se-quo, ukukhuthazwa ngokwazi mayelana "nokushanela komlando nobubanzi bempucuko" [ h / t Steven Pinker], babe ngabavoti abanolwazi ngokukhombisa intando yeningi, njalonjalo). ¹

Isimiso sikaHumboldt 2 : UHumboldt wakuphikisa kakhulu lokho ucwaningo kufanele badlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu eyunivesithi yanamuhla ― futhi bafundise abafundi ukuthi babe yingxenye yomphakathi owazi ukucabanga, ukuba nesibopho, nokuxhumana ngempumelelo kufanele kufezwe ukuhlanganiswa kocwaningo nokufundisa . Abafundi kufanele babheke "isenzo sokudala" solwazi olusha (Röhrs, 1987). Amanyuvesi akuzona nje izindawo zokufundisa okuhle (amanyuvesi akuwona amaJMGS [Just-More-Grade-School]). Amanyuvesi amanje mahle imiphakathi yezifundiswa , i- "Universitas litterarum" lokho kukhiqiza ngokuqhubekayo ulwazi olusha kubafundi nasezifundweni-ulwazi oluzuzisa impilo yomphakathi, isayensi eyisisekelo, nomphakathi okhanyiselwe kakhudlwana.

Lokhu kwaba isivumelwano uWilhelm von Humboldt asenza neNkosi yasePrussia. Lesi yisivumelwano esiholele emanyuvesi amanje (hhayi nje ukufundisa izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme). Uhulumeni uyasekela amanyuvesi amanje njengezindawo zemfundo enhle, futhi bobabili abafundi nomphakathi wonkana bazohlomula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lesi sivumelwano sasebenza njengesisekelo sendlela yethu yokuphila yesimanje.

Isisekelo seHumboldt 3 : I eyunivesithi yesimanje ikhona ukuze kusizakale abafundi nomphakathi, kepha kufanele isebenze njenge ibhizinisi elizimele , ukungazisebenzeli ngqo izidingo ezisheshayo zombuso noma isonto noma ezinye izinhloso zebhizinisi elenza inzuzo. Cishe wonke amanyuvesi awenzi nzuzo ngokwemvelo, enzelwe ukusiza umphakathi ngawo ukufundisa izakhamizi (ngubani okufanele aziswe ngabavoti emikhandlwini yentando yeningi lapho kufanele) futhi ilukuluku eliqhutshwa ilukuluku (hhayi okuqhutshwa inzuzo) imibuzo enengqondo ekhiqizayo ulwazi olusha .

Osolwazi nabafundi kufanele babe nenkululeko yokulandela uphenyo lwengqondo futhi bakhe ulwazi olusha noma kuphi lapho ilukuluku labo libaholela khona (okungukuthi, babe inkululeko yokufunda !). Esikhathini eside, inkululeko yokulandela izimpendulo zemibuzo ebalulekile eyisisekelo (ngokungafani naleyo esetshenzisiwe) imvamisa iholela ekwakhiweni kolwazi olunzulu.

Ngicabanga ukuthi kunokulandela ukuhola kwamabhizinisi enzuzo futhi ngigxile ekolishi njengokwenza imali esikhathini esifushane, amanyuvesi kufanele agxile ekufundiseni abafundi ukuthi cabanga kahle impilo yonke, khiqiza okutholakele okusha kusuka ocwaningweni oluqhutshwa ilukuluku, futhi gcina ukuzimela kusuka kuhulumeni, esontweni, nasemkhakheni webhizinisi elenza inzuzo (ngayo yonke imigede yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zeyunivesithi engqondweni).

Ngakho-ke, ngokubona kwami, ukubaluleka kwezifundo zokuhlukahluka kwezocansi, nesizathu sokuthi inendawo emayunivesithi emhlabeni jikelele, ukuthi ingazenza zonke lezi zinto. Isiza abantu ukuthi bacabange ngempumelelo ngabo nangobunye ubulili emhlabeni wonke, ikhiqiza amathuluzi amasha asekelwa ngokwesayensi ukukhulisa impilo yezocansi nenhlalakahle, futhi yenza kahle kakhulu uma ingalawulwa kakhulu ngohulumeni, amasonto, noma ibhizinisi elenzelwa inzuzo izisusa.

Imigede

Kuneminye imibono ngenhloso yamanyuvesi, angiqondile ukusho ukuthi imodeli kaHumboldt iyona kuphela (impela, ngiveze kuhlelwe ukubuka kwemigomo yemodeli kaHumboldt kanye nomthelela wazo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi babonile ukuthambekela kwezemfundo yamanyuvesi ahlukene okunezinhloso ezihlukile. Akuwona wonke amanyuvesi adinga ukucwaninga kakhulu. Leli iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, noma kunjalo, omunye wemibono engiwuthanda kakhulu ngenhloso eyisisekelo yemfundo yaseyunivesithi — lowo odlula imodeli kaHumboldt — wanikezwa nguSteven Pinker:

“Kubonakala kimi ukuthi abantu abafundile kufanele bazi okuthile ngomlando wokuqala wezinhlobo zethu kanye nemithetho eyisisekelo elawula umhlaba ophilayo, kubandakanya imizimba yethu nobuchopho. Kufanele baqonde umugqa wesikhathi womlando wesintu kusukela ekuqaleni kwezolimo kuze kube manje. Kufanele babhekane nokwehluka kwamasiko esintu, kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu zokukholelwa nokubaluleka abantu abakuzwisisayo ngezimpilo zabo. Kufanele bazi ngezenzakalo ezakhayo emlandweni wesintu, kufaka phakathi amaphutha esinethemba lokuthi ngeke siphinde. Kufanele baqonde imigomo ebusa ukubuswa ngentando yeningi kanye nomthetho. Kufanele bazi ukuthi bangayithokozela kanjani imisebenzi yezinganekwane nobuciko njengemithombo yenjabulo yobuhle kanye nogqozi lokucabanga ngesimo somuntu.

Ngaphezu kwalolu lwazi, imfundo evulekile kufanele yenze imikhuba ethile yokuhleleka kube yinto yesibili. Abantu abafundile kufanele bakwazi ukuveza imibono eyindida ekubhaleni nasekukhulumeni okucacile. Kufanele bakwazise ukuthi ulwazi olunenhloso luyinto eyigugu, futhi bazi ukuthi bangahlukanisa kanjani iqiniso elivelisiwe enkolelweni ezeni, amahemuhemu, nokuhlakanipha okungajwayelekile okungajwayelekile. Kufanele bazi ukuthi bangabonisana kanjani ngokunengqondo nangokwezibalo, bagweme ubuqili kanye nokuchema lapho ingqondo yomuntu ongafundile isengozini khona. Kufanele bacabange ngokungacabangi kunokuba benze ngomlingo, futhi bazi ukuthi yini edingekayo ukuhlukanisa i-causation kusuka ekuhlanganisweni nasekuqondaneni. Kufanele bakubone kahle ukwehluleka komuntu, ikakhulukazi okwabo, futhi baqonde ukuthi abantu abangavumelani nabo akusibona ngempela isilima noma ububi. Ngakho-ke, kufanele bakuqonde ukubaluleka kokuzama ukushintsha izingqondo ngokukholisa kunokwesabisa noma ngokukhipha izinqumo. ”

Manje leyo yinhloso enhle, impela.

¹ Uma kukhulunywa ngeHumboldt's Principle 1 yabafundi baseyunivesithi ku ukusebenza kwengqondo (eyami indlela), i-American Psychological Association ibala uchungechunge lwezinhloso ezibalulekile zokuthuthukisa ukucabanga okusebenzayo ...

• Umgomo 1: Thuthukisa i-Knowledge Base (yazi imiqondo esemqoka, imigomo, izingqikithi, izindawo zokuqukethwe, izici ezisetshenzisiwe ezinkulu)
• Umgomo 2: Thuthukisa Uphenyo Lwezesayensi Nokucabanga Okubalulekile (funda ukusebenzisa imibono yezesayensi ukutolika umhlaba; funda ukuzibandakanya ekucabangeni okusha nokuhlanganisa nokuxazulula izinkinga; funda ukucabanga ngobuningi)
• Umgomo 3: Thuthukisa Izindinganiso Zokuziphatha Komuntu Nokubophezeleka Komphakathi maqondana Nomhlaba Ohlukahlukene (wazi ukuthi ungaziphatha kanjani ngokokuziphatha; wakhe futhi uthuthukise ubudlelwano obuhlukahlukene phakathi kwabantu kanye namakhono okusebenzisana; hlakulela izindinganiso zakho futhi uhlanganyele ebuholini obakha umphakathi ezingeni lasekhaya, likazwelonke, kanye nasemhlabeni jikelele)
• Umgomo 4: Ukuxhumana (funda ukubhala ngempumelelo ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene; funda amakhono okwethula ngempumelelo ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene)
• Umgomo 5: Ukuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe (funda ukuthi ungawasebenzisa kanjani lawa makghono ekufinyeleleni ezinhlosweni zomsebenzi; funda ukuthi ungazisebenzisa kanjani ukuzithiba nokuzilawula ukuze ufinyelele ezinhlosweni zomsebenzi; thuthukisa uhlelo lomdlalo lochwepheshe olunempilo empilweni ngemuva kokuthweswa iziqu)

UPonnusamy, R., & Pandurangan, J. (2014). Incwadi yesandla ohlelweni lwenyuvesi. INew Delhi, India: Abashicileli Ababambisene.

URöhrs, H. (1987). Umbono wakudala waleyunivesithi. Ku- Isiko nokuguqulwa kweyunivesithi ngaphansi kombono wamazwe omhlabae. ENew York: Abashicileli bePeter Lang International Academic.