Wayengubani uGenius Wokuqala Weqiniso Wengqondo?

Nasi isivivinyo sento eyodwa: "Ngubani owasungula isayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo?"

Impendulo eyodwa kungaba "uWilliam James," owabhala incwadi yokuqala yokusebenza kwengqondo, Izimiso ze-Psychology, ngo-1890.

Ungathola amanye amaphuzu ambalwa ngokuphendula u- "Wilhelm Wundt." Ngempela, uWundt waqala ilabhorethri yokuqala esemthethweni e-1879, e-University of Leipzig, kanti uWilliam James waqale waphefumulelwa ukuthi afunde izifundo zengqondo ngenkathi efunda elinye lamaphepha kaWundt ngo-1868, ngenkathi evakashele eJalimane.

Kodwa uWundt ngokwakhe wayeseqale umsebenzi wakhe njengomsizi webhu kulendoda engangizoyikhetha njengobuhlakani bokuqala be-psychology: uHermann Helmholtz.

U-Helmholtz wenze okungenani iminikelo emibili emikhulu kwi-psychology yanamuhla:

1. Wayengowokuqala ukukala ijubane lomfutho we-neural. (Ngokwenza njalo, uHelmholtz ukuchithile ngokuphelele ukucabanga kwangaphambilini kokuthi amasiginali wezinzwa ayeshesha, ehamba ngejubane elingapheli.)

2. Wathuthukisa i- umbono we-trichromatic wombala wombala , kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukahlukene zemibala ethola iso, eziphendule ngokukhethekile kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani nokubomvu (isifinyezo esafakazelwa siyiqiniso eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva). Lo mbono wawuphikisana nombono, owawudume iminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe, wokuthi noma yiluphi uhlobo lweseli lezinzwa lungadlulisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lolwazi. Akuphakamisanga nje kuphela ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-neurons zidlulisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zolwazi, kepha nokuthi nangaphakathi komqondo wokubuka, kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zolwazi ezithunyelwa ngama-neurons ahlukahlukene esweni.

Kunenkinga eyodwa yokuhlonza uHelmholtz njengobuhlakani bokuqala besayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo: UHelmholtz wayengeke azichaze njengochwepheshe wezengqondo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi yayingekho inkambu efana ne-psychology emuva ekuqaleni kwawo-1800. UWilhelm Wundt waqeqeshwa njengesazi sezinto eziphilayo, noWilliam James waba yisazi sefilosofi. Kodwa bobabili uWundt noJames bagcina bezichaza njengabahlengikazi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uHelmholtz waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengoprofesa we-physiology, futhi ngemuva kokuzibandakanya ne-psychophysics isikhashana, washintsha ubunikazi bakhe ukuze abe nguprofesa we-physics. Iminyaka yakhe yokugcina yayinganikezelwanga ocwaningweni lwesayensi lwengqondo, kepha ku-thermodynamics, metology, ne-electromagnetism. Ngempela, ukunikela kukaHelmholtz ku-physics kwamzuzisa kakhulu. Leyo minikelo yaholela umbusi ukuthi amkhuphulele esigodlweni (yingakho igama lakhe laba nguHermann von Helmholtz). (Impilo kaHelmholtz yayingezona izicucu endabeni yengcebo, kodwa impela kwakuyindaba ephawulekayo yokuhamba phezulu. Ubaba wakhe wayenguthisha, futhi wayengenayo indlela yokuthumela indodana yakhe ekhaliphile eyunivesithi eyofunda i-physics. Esikhundleni salokho, uHelmholtz wathatha inzuzo yesivumelwano esanikelwa ibutho lasePrussia - babezokhokhela ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwezokwelapha, uma evuma ukusebenza iminyaka engu-8 njengodokotela ohlinzayo wezempi ngemuva kokuthweswa iziqu). Endleleni yokuba yilungu lezicukuthwane ngokufeza kwakhe okuhlonishwayo kwi-physics, futhi ekhuthaza ososayensi bezengqondo abasafufusa abanjengoWundt noJames, uHelmholtz naye wasungula i-opthalmoscope, futhi wabhala incwadi nge-optics eyasetshenziswa kabanzi isigamu sekhulu leminyaka. Ngenkathi kufanele ukuthi afunde isiLatin esikoleni esiphakeme, esikhundleni salokho wayenza imidwebo ebonakalayo ngaphansi kwedeski lakhe. Ngenkathi esafunda isikole sobudokotela, wathola isikhathi sokudlala upiyano, wafunda uGoethe noByron, wafunda ne-calculal ebalulekile (Fancher & Rutherford, 2015).

Ake sibheke ngqo ukuthi yini eyayinobuhlakani ngalezi zifundo ezincane ze-polymath zemithambo ye-neural kanye nombono wakhe wokubona umbala, noma kunjalo.

Ukuvala ijubane lomfutho we-neural.

Yini into enkulu ngokulinganisa ijubane lomfutho we-neural? Ngaphambi kwesikhathi sikaHelmholtz, ochwepheshe babekholelwa ukuthi umfutho we-neural wawenzeka ngokushesha, uhamba ngejubane elingapheli noma eliseduze. Lapho iphini lihlaba umunwe wakho, kulokho kubuka, ubuchopho bakho buyakwazi ngokushesha. Umeluleki kaHelmholtz uqobo, isazi somzimba esikhaliphile uJohannes Müller, uchaze lokhu njengokucatshangwa ukuthi kungadluliselwa ngokushesha njengaphandle kwendawo yocwaningo lwesayensi, isibonelo sokusebenza “kwamandla empi” ayimfihlakalo ayesekela imisebenzi yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Kepha uHelmholtz nabanye babafundi bakaMüller bakholelwa ukuthi abekho amandla ayimfihlakalo. Esikhundleni salokho, baqagela ukuthi uma ungakhanyisa ukukhanya kunoma iyiphi inqubo eyenzeka ngaphakathi kwento ephilayo, ungathola ukusebenza nje kwemicimbi eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali neyomzimba. Njengoprofesa osemncane e-University of Konigsberg, uHelmholtz waklama izinto ezazibophela unyawo lwexoxo ku-galvanometer, ngendlela yokuthi umsinga owawudlula emisipheni yamathanga wexoxo wawuzobangela ukukhahlela obekuzocisha amandla kagesi. Lokho akutholile ukuthi ngesikhathi efaka umlenze weselesele eduze konyawo, ukuxubana kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu ngendlela engalinganiseki kunangesikhathi eshaya ngaphezulu komlenze. Le divayisi yamholela ekulinganiseni ijubane eliqondile - isignali kwakubonakala ngathi ihamba ngezinyoni zomlenze wexoxo ngo-57 mph.

Wabe esephinda isifundo nabantu abaphilayo. Ufundise izifundo zakhe ukucindezela inkinobho ngokushesha nje lapho bezwa ukuthintwa emilenzeni yabo. Lapho evala uzwane, kwathatha isikhathi eside ukuthi lowo obhalwayo ayibhalise kunangesikhathi emisa ithanga. Ngokusobala, uzwane luqhubeka ngokwengeziwe ebuchosheni, ngakho-ke lokhu kukhombisile ukuthi umfutho we-neural uthathe isikhathi esilinganiselwe ukubhalisa lapho kufanele uhambele kude. Lokhu bekumangalisa ngoba abantu bavame ukuhlangabezana nezinqubo zengqondo njengoba zenzeka ngaso leso sikhathi. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, izazi zomzimba zazicabanga ukuthi izinqubo eziyisisekelo kufanele futhi zenzeke ngokushesha. Ukube besiyimikhomo ngenhlanhla, kungathatha cishe umzuzwana ogcwele ukuze ubuchopho bethu bazi ukuthi inhlanzi ikhiphe ukuluma emsileni wethu, nomunye umzuzwana ogcwele ukuthumela umlayezo emuva emsipheni womsila ukuze ususe izinhlanzi.

Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zisebenzise kakhulu le ndlela "yokusabela isikhathi", ziyisebenzisa ukulinganisa ukuthi ukucubungula kwe-neural kubandakanyeka kangakanani emisebenzini ehlukene (ukwenza ukwahlukanisa okude noma ukuhumusha umusho ngolimi lwethu lwesibili kuqhathaniswa nokufaka izinombolo ezimbili noma ukufunda okufanayo umusho ngolimi lwethu lwendabuko, ngokwesibonelo).

Izinhlobo ezintathu zokuthola umbala ezisesweni

UJohannes Müller, owayengumeluleki kaHelmholtz, kungenzeka ukuthi wabambelela enkolelweni yakudala emandleni asebenza ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa futhi wasekela imibono emisha yezinguquko, kubandakanya "umthetho wamandla athile wezinzwa" - okwakungumqondo wokuthi yonke imizwa yezinzwa uqhuba uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lolwazi. Isazi-mlando sePsychology uRaymond Fancher uveza ukuthi umbono owodwa wendabuko ngaphambi kwalokho kwakuwukuthi ama-neurons ayengamashubhu angenalutho akwazi ukudlulisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwamandla - umbala, ukukhanya, ivolumu, ithoni, ngisho nephunga noma ukunambitha noma ingcindezi yesikhumba. Kepha umbono omusha kwakuwukuthi inzwa ngayinye yayinama-neurons ayo ahlukene.

Umbono we-trichromatic uphakamise ukuthi ucaciswe kakhulu kunalokho - iso lingaqukatha izinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukahlukene zama-receptors, ngayinye idlulisa imininingwane mayelana nesigaba esithile se-spectrum. U-Helmholtz uqaphele ukuthi yonke imibala ehlukene ye-spectrum ingakhiwa kabusha ngokuhlanganisa amalambu emibala emithathu eyinhloko - okwesibhakabhaka, okuluhlaza nokubomvu. Uma ukhanyisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza nokukhanya okubomvu endaweni efanayo, uzobona okuphuzi. Uma ukhanyisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokukhanya okubomvu endaweni efanayo uzobona umbala onsomi, futhi uma ukhanyisa yonke imibala emithathu, uzobona okumhlophe. I-Helmholtz isuselwe kulokhu ukuthi mhlawumbe ubuchopho bungacacisa ukuthi yimuphi umbala obewubheka uma uhlanganisa imininingwane evela ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zama-retinal receptors. Uma ama-receptors abomvu edubula, kepha ama-blues athule, ubona okubomvu ngokugqamile, uma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu zombili kudubula ngejubane elilinganisiwe, ubona oku-purple okufiphele, njll. Umbono ubuye waphakanyiswa ekuqaleni ngu udokotela waseBrithani uThomas Young, kodwa uHelmholtz wakuthuthukisa ngokugcwele. Namuhla, lo mbono ubizwa nge- Umbono we-Young-Helmholtz trichromatic.

Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, ngo-1956, isazi sokusebenza komzimba e-University of Helsinki esigama linguGunnar Svaetichin sathola ukusekelwa okuqondile kwemfundiso ye-trichromatic ngokusebenzisa ama-microelectrode ukuqopha izimpawu ezithunyelwa ngamaseli ahlukene kuma-fish retinas. Ngokuqinisekile, ezinye zazizwela ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezinye zibe luhlaza, ezinye zibomvu.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba le mbono isekelwe ngqo, yayinemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu - izikrini zethelevishini zikhohlisa iso ekuboneni imibala hhayi ngokukhiqiza yonke imibala yothingo, kodwa ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zamaphikseli - obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye ukulungisa ukukhanya esiteshini ngasinye salezo zintathu kuveza izithombe ubuchopho bethu obubona njenge-orenji ekhanyayo, i-tan engakhanyi, u-turquoise ocwazimulayo, ne-lavender ekhazimulayo.

I-Psychophysics nokutholakala kwemvelo yomuntu

Ukucabanga ngoHelmholtz, kanye "nochwepheshe bezengqondo", kungasenza sazi ukuthi kungakanani esikufundile ngemvelo yomuntu emakhulwini amabili edlule. Izazi zefilosofi ziphikisane nemibuzo eminingi ngokuthi ingqondo ibeka kanjani indawo yonke ebonakalayo, kepha abasebenza ngokusebenza kwengqondo bakwazi ukusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha nezishubile zokuphendula eminye yale mibuzo eyisisekelo. I-physicists yathuthukisa izindlela zokukala ngokunembile izinguquko zamandla omzimba kumagagasi omsindo nakumagagasi amancane, bese kuthi abasebenza ngokusebenza kwengqondo bathuthukise izindlela zokuqopha ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kuguquke kanjani, noma akuzange kushintshe, kanye nalezo zinguquko zomzimba. Abakutholile ukuthi lokho okutholwa ubuchopho bomuntu akuyona yonke into eyenzekayo emhlabeni. Ezinye izinhlobo zamandla omzimba, njengokukhanya kwe-infrared noma amagagasi omsindo ophakeme kakhulu, azibonakali kithi, kodwa zisobala kwezinye izilwane (njengezinyosi namalulwane). Ezinye izinhlobo zamandla zibaluleke kakhulu kithina, kepha hhayi kumakati nezinja zethu ezifuywayo (ezingenazo izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokutholwa kombala, futhi zibona umhlaba umnyama nomhlophe, ngaphandle kwephunga elizwakala kakhulu).

UDouglas T. Kenrick ungumbhali ka:

• Isilwane Esinengqondo: Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusenze sahlakaniphe kangakanani kunendlela esicabanga ngayo, futhi:
• Ubulili, ukubulala, nencazelo yempilo: Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo siphenya indlela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukuqonda, nokuba yinkimbinkimbi okuguqula ngayo umbono wethu ngemvelo yomuntu.

Amabhulogi ahlobene

• Ngabe kukhona ubuhlakani emkhakheni wezengqondo? Ingabe i-psychology ingabamba ikhandlela kwisayensi yekhompyutha?
• Obani abanobuhlakani bengqondo (ingxenye II). Abanye abasebenza ngokukhalipha kwengqondo engibaziyo.
• Yini ukutholwa okukodwa okukhazimulayo kakhulu kwe-psychology?

Izinkomba

• UJameson, D., noHurvich LM (1982). UGunnar Svaetichin: indoda yombono. Inqubekela phambili ekucwaningweni kwemitholampilo nakwizinto eziphilayo, i-13, 307-10.
• Fancher, R. E., & Rutherford, A. (2016). Amaphayona ezengqondo (Uhlobo lwesi-5). ENew York: WW I-Norton & Co.