Kungani Intsha Yenza Izinketho Eziyingozi Lapho Inontanga Yayo

Iningi labazali abanezingane ezisakhula, ukuziyeka ziye emhlabeni kungasabisa. Ingabe bazokwenza izinqumo ezinhle? Ingabe bazophepha?

Intsha ivame ukuvezwa emithonjeni yezindaba njengeyaziwa ngokuthatha izinqumo ezingezinhle, noma ngabe kungukusebenzisa izidakamizwa, ucansi, noma ezinye izinto ezingaba yingozi. Empeleni, ucwaningo luyakhombisa ukuthi intsha ivame ukwenza izinqumo eziyingozi kunezingane nabantu abadala maqondana nokuphuza, ukubhema, ukwenza ucansi, udlame, ubugebengu nezingozi zemoto (Steinberg, et al., 2008).

Kungenzeka ukuthi uzwile izincazelo eziningi ezahlukahlukene zalokhu. Abanye ochwepheshe bathi ukuziphatha okuyingozi kwentsha, ngokwesibonelo, kubangelwa i-prefrontal cortex engathuthuki kahle, ingxenye yobuchopho "ephethe" ekuhleleni, ekulawuleni nasekusisizeni ukuba sime futhi sicabange ngaphambi kokwenza okuthile. I-prefrontal cortex iba nezinguquko ezinkulu ngesikhathi sobusha, okungaba esinye sezizathu zokulawula umfutho ophansi oveza indlela yokuziphatha kwentsha (USomerville, et al., 2010).

Esinye isizathu esenza intsha ijwayele ukwenza izinqumo eziyingozi kungenzeka ukuthi ihlobene neqiniso lokuthi zikhulise ukuzwela komvuzo (IGalván, 2013). Ukuzwela komvuzo yizinga esijabulela ngalo ukuthola umklomelo — kungaba ukudla, imali, noma ukuncoma. Ingxenye yobuchopho obusekela uhlelo lomvuzo (i-striatum) nayo iyashintsha kakhulu ngesikhathi sobusha.

Izinguquko zobuchopho zibalulekile, kodwa hhayi ubuchopho obushintshayo kuphela. Isici esingagxilwe njalo kuthonya eliphakeme lontanga ngesikhathi sobusha.

UChein et al. wenze ucwaningo oluhlose ukuhlola ukuthi ontanga bakuthonya kanjani ukuthatha izinqumo okuyingozi kwentsha. Abaphenyi baqhathanisa intsha (eneminyaka eyi-14-18 ubudala), abantu abadala (19-22 ubudala), nabantu abadala (24-29 ubudala). Inhloso yocwaningo bekuwukulingisa ukwenza izinqumo zomhlaba wangempela ngenkathi ushayela.

Ukwenza lokho, basebenzise umsebenzi wokushayela owenziwe njengeStoplight task. Kumsebenzi weStoplight, isihloko sishayela imoto eyenziwe ngomgwaqo oqondile. Ngenkathi ushayela, isihloko sidlula ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo ezingama-20, ngayinye enesibani sokuma esiphenduka siphuzi njengoba isihloko sisondela kuso. Njalo, isihloko kufanele sikhethe ukuthi sidlula yini ekukhanyeni okuphuzi noma siphule amabhuleki empambanweni ngayinye. Kwesinye isikhathi, uma umuntu ekhetha ukuhamba ekukhanyeni okuphuzi, imoto yabo ibishayisana nenye imoto.

Ukwenza ukukhanya okuphuzi kukhange ngokwengeziwe, ababambiqhaza batshelwa kusengaphambili ukuthi kunomvuzo wemali onikezwayo ngokususelwa ekutheni basheshe basiphothula kanjani isifundo. Kodwa-ke, uma bephahlazeka, bebengathola isijeziso esikhudlwana kunaleso abebengaba naso ukube bebelinde isibani sibuyele siluhlaza.

Izihloko zavivinywa zombili zodwa futhi endaweni yontanga. Bayalelwe ukuthi beze nabangane babo kulebhu. Kodwa-ke, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi "ukucindezela kontanga" okucacile akuyona into, njengomngani ebakhuthaza ukuthi badlule ekukhanyeni okuphuzi, isihloko sitshelwe ukuthi ontanga yabo bazobe bebuka izenzo zabo kusikrini esikwelinye igumbi. Ngale ndlela, bekumane "ukuba khona" kontanga obekuzoba nomphumela.

Lapho "sebesemotweni" bebodwa, intsha yenze ngendlela efanayo kubantu abadala nabadala. Kodwa-ke, lapho untanga ekhona, intsha yayinamathuba amaningi okuthi ithathe izinqumo eziyingozi futhi ishayise imoto yayo, kuyilapho abantu abadala nabadala bengaziphathanga okwehlukile (UChein, et al., 2011). Uma lokhu kuyithonya lontanga lapho bebukele kuphela, kungenzeka ukuthi lapho ontanga bekhona, isidingo sokubathokozisa noma ukwenza njengoba besho kungakhuphula kakhulu amathuba okuthatha izingozi.

Kusho ukuthini konke lokhu? Kusho ukuthi kuliqiniso ukuthi intsha izwela ngokukhethekile ukuthola umvuzo - ikakhulukazi umvuzo womphakathi. Noma ngabe unengane owaziyo ukuthi iyaqikelela futhi iphephile, ubuchopho bayo bungakwenza kube nzima kakhulu kubo ukwenza izinqumo eziphephile lapho bezungeze abangane babo. Umvuzo wezenhlalo obonwa ngokwenza izinqumo eziyingozi ubaluleke kakhulu entsheni futhi ungaba namandla okweqa ukulawula kwabo umfutho.

Ngakho-ke, yini okufanele uyithathe kulokhu? Okokuqala, ungacabangi ukuthi ingane yakho ayikwazi ukwenza noma yiziphi izinqumo ezinhle ngoba nje iyintsha. Eqinisweni, kube nezifundo lapho intsha ikhombisa ukulawulwa ngamandla kokuthinta ukwedlula ozakwabo abadala (UTeslovich, et al., 2013) nalapho intsha iyingozi kakhulu kunabantu abadala lapho kwaziwa izingozi ngqo (UTymula, et al. , 2012). Kepha kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukulawula kwabo umfutho kungancipha ezimweni zomphakathi (Somerville, 2011).

Ngamafuphi, ungalahli ngokuphelele ukukholwa yintsha yakho yokuphepha nokwenza izinqumo ezinhle — kodwa kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukuba nengxoxo esheshayo nabo ngaphambi kokuba bagibele imoto egcwele abangane.

UJulia Chertkof (owenza iziqu eYale) noReuma Gadassi Polack (owayesebenza ngemuva kwezobudokotela eYale) nabo banikele kulo mbhalo.

Isithombe se-Facebook: MJTH / Shutterstock

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