Kungani Kufanele Ukhathalele Nge-Quantum Neuroscience

Uma ngabe ungezwanga, isayensi ye-Quantum imhlophe iyashisa njengamanje, ngenkulumo ejabulisayo yamakhompyutha we-quantum anamandla amakhulu, ukuxhumana nge-quantum esebenza kahle kakhulu nokuvikeleka kwe-cyber okungenakudlula ngokubethela kwe-quantum.

Kungani yonke le hype?

Kalula nje, isayensi ye-Quantum ithembisa ukweqa okukhulu phambili esikhundleni sezinyathelo zezingane esizijwayele ngokusebenzisa isayensi yansuku zonke. Isayensi yansuku zonke, isibonelo, isinikeza amakhompyutha amasha aphindeka kabili ngamandla njalo eminyakeni emi-2-3, kanti i-Quantum science ithembisa amakhompyutha ngamaningi izigidigidi zezikhathi amandla amaningi kunekhompyutha yemisipha etholakalayo namuhla.

Ngamanye amagama, isayensi ye-Quantum, uma iphumelele, izokhiqiza ushintsho lokuzamazama komhlaba kubuchwepheshe obuzokwakha kabusha umhlaba njengoba sazi, ngezindlela ezijule kakhulu kune-Intanethi noma ama-smartphone.

Amathuba amahle wesayensi ye-Quantum konke kuvela eqinisweni elilodwa elilula: izehlakalo ze-quantum zephula ngokuphelele imithetho ekhawulela lokho okungafezwa yizinto "zakudala" (ezijwayelekile).

Izibonelo ezimbili lapho isayensi yeQuantum yenza obekungenakwenzeka ngokuzumayo ukuthi kwenzeke, kungukuphakanyiswa kwe-quantum nokuxakaniseka kwe-quantum.

Ake sibhekane nokubekwa kwe-quantum kuqala.

Emhlabeni ojwayelekile, into efana ne-baseball ingaba sendaweni eyodwa ngasikhathi sinye. Kepha emhlabeni we-quantum, inhlayiya efana ne-electron ingathatha indawo engenamkhawulo yezindawo ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekhona kulokho ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi yi-superposition yamazwe amaningi. Ngakho-ke emhlabeni we-quantum, into eyodwa kwesinye isikhathi iziphatha njengezinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene.

Manje ake sihlole ukubambeka kwe-quantum ngokwelula ukufana kwe-baseball kancane. Emhlabeni ojwayelekile ama-baseball amabili ahleli kumalokhi amnyama ezinkundleni ezinkulu zeligi eLos Angeles naseBoston azimele ngokuphelele, kangangoba uma uvule elinye lamalokhi okugcina ukuze ubheke i-baseball eyodwa, akukho lutho olungenzeka kwenye i-baseball endaweni eydijithali yokugcina emnyama eqhele ngamamayela ayi-3,000. Kepha emhlabeni we-quantum, izinhlayiya ezimbili ngazinye, ezinjengama-photon can ukubambeka, ukuze isenzo sokuzwa nje i-photon eyodwa nomtshina ngaso leso sikhathi siphoqe enye i-photon, noma ngabe ikude kangakanani, ukuthatha isimo esithile.

Ukubambeka okunjalo kusho ukuthi kubuningi be-quantum, amabhizinisi amaningi ahlukile kwesinye isikhathi angaziphatha njengebhizinisi elilodwa, noma ngabe zihlukaniswe kangakanani izinto ezihlukile.

Lokhu kungalingana nokushintsha isimo se-baseball eyodwa — yisho, ukuyiphoqa ukuthi ibe ngaphezulu kweshelufu eliphansi lelokhi lesitoreji — ngokumane uvule ikhabethe lesitoreji eliqhele ngamamayela angu-3 000 bese ubuka ngokuphelele kwehlukile i-baseball.

Lokhu kuziphatha "okungenakwenzeka" kwenza izinhlangano ze-quantum zilungele ukwenza okungenakwenzeka nge, isibonelo, amakhompyutha. Kumakhompyutha ajwayelekile ulwazi olugciniwe kungaba uziro noma okukodwa, kepha kwikhompyutha ye-quantum okuncane okugcinwe, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Qubit (i-quantum bit), kuyiziro futhi kukodwa ngasikhathi sinye. Ngakho-ke, lapho isitolo sememori esilula samabhithi ayi-8 singaqukatha noma iyiphi inombolo yomuntu ngamunye kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-255 (2 ^ 8 = 256) inkumbulo yama-Qubits ayi-8 angagcina 2 ^ 8 = 256 izinombolo ezihlukene konke ngasikhathi sinye! Amandla okugcina imininingwane ethe xaxa yingakho amakhompiyutha we-quantum ethembisa ukweqa kwe-quantum ekusebenzeni kwamandla.

Esibonelweni esingenhla, imemori engu-8 bit kukhompyutha ye-quantum igcina izinombolo ezingama-256 phakathi kuka-0 no-255 konke ngasikhathi sinye ngenkathi imemori engu-8 bit kukhompyutha ejwayelekile igcina inombolo eyodwa kuphela phakathi kuka-0 no-255 ngasikhathi. Manje ake ucabange imemori engu-24 bit quantum (2 ^ 24 = 16,777,216) enama-Qubits amaningi ngokuphindwe kathathu kunenkumbulo yethu yokuqala: ingagcina i-whopping Izinombolo ezahlukahlukene eziyi-16,777,216 ngasikhathi sinye!

Okusiletha empambanweni yesayensi ye-Quantum ne-neurobiology. Ubuchopho bomuntu buyiprosesa enamandla kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi ikhompyutha etholakalayo namuhla: ingabe iyafeza amanye ala mandla asabekayo ngokusebenzisa ubuqili be-quantum ngendlela efanayo naleyo eyenziwa ngamakhompyutha we-quantum?

Kuze kube muva nje, impendulo yefiziksi kulowo mbuzo ibe ngu "Cha" ocacile.

Izimo ze-Quantum ezinjenge-superposition zithembele ekuhlukaniseni lezo zimo endaweni ezungezile, ikakhulukazi ukushisa emvelweni okusetha izinhlayiya, kucasula indlu ye-quantum ebucayi yamakhadi we-superposition nokuphoqa inhlayiya ethile ukuthi ibe nephuzu A noma iphuzu B , kodwa hhayi bobabili ngasikhathi sinye.

Ngakho-ke, lapho ososayensi behlola izehlakalo ze-quantum baya ebangeni elide ukuhlukanisa izinto abazifundayo endaweni ezungezile, imvamisa ngokwehlisa izinga lokushisa ekuhlolweni kwabo kube yi-zero ephelele.

Kepha ubufakazi buyanda buvela emhlabeni wezitshalo zomzimba ukuthi ezinye izinqubo zebhayoloji ezincike ekuphakamisweni kwe-quantum zenzeka emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile, okudala ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umhlaba ongaqondakali ongacabangi womshini we-quantum ungangena ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke kwezinye izinhlelo zezinto eziphilayo, njenge izinhlelo zezinzwa.

Isibonelo, ngoMeyi 2018 ithimba labacwaningi eGroningen University elalibandakanya isazi sefiziksi uThomas la Cour Jansen lathola ubufakazi bokuthi izitshalo namabhaktheriya athile we-photosynthetic afinyelela cishe ku-100% ukusebenza kahle okuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube amandla asebenzisekayo ngokusebenzisa iqiniso lokuthi ukumunca amandla elanga kubangela amanye ama-electron ama-molecule athatha ukukhanya ukuze abe khona ngasikhathi sinye kuzo zombili izifundazwe ezijabule nezingenayo injabulo zisabalale emabangeni amade kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesitshalo, avumela ama-elektroni ajabule ukukhanya ukuthi athole indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu kusuka kuma-molecule lapho ukukhanya kuthathwa kuya kuma-molecule ahlukene lapho kusetshenziswa amandla ngoba isitshalo sidaliwe.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ekufuneni kwayo okungapheli kokwenza izinhlobo zokuphila ezonga amandla kakhulu, kubonakala sengathi kuyishaye indiva inkolelo yabososayensi yokuthi imiphumela ye-quantum ewusizo ayinakwenzeka ezindaweni ezifudumele, ezimanzi zebhayoloji.

Ukutholakala kwemiphumela ye-quantum ku-biology yezitshalo kunikeze umkhakha omusha wesayensi obizwa nge-quantum biology. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, izazi zebhayoloji ze-quantum zivundulule ubufakazi bezinto ezenziwa ngama-quantum mechanical in magnetic field perception emehlweni ezinye zezinyoni (okwenza izinyoni zikwazi ukuzulazula ngesikhathi sokufuduka), nasekusebenziseni ama-receptors enuka kubantu. Abaphenyi be-Vision bathole nokuthi ama-photoreceptor akwi-retina yomuntu ayakwazi ukukhiqiza amasiginali kagesi kusukela ekubanjweni kwe-quanta eyodwa yamandla okukhanya.

Ngabe ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nakho kwenza ubuchopho bethu busebenze kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla asebenzisekayo noma ekudluliseni nasekugcinweni kolwazi phakathi kwama-neurons kusetshenziswa imiphumela ye-quantum efana ne-superposition ne-entanglement?

Izazi ze-Neuroscientist zisencane kakhulu zokuphenya lokhu okungenzeka, kepha mina ngijabule ngomkhakha we-nascent we-quantum neuroscience ngoba kungaholela ekuphumeleleni komhlathi ekuqondeni kwethu ubuchopho.

Ngikusho lokhu ngoba umlando wesayensi usifundisa ukuthi intuthuko enkulu cishe njalo ivela emibonweni ethi, ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke intuthuko ethile, izwakale isimanga ngendlela emangalisayo. Ukutholwa kuka-Einstein ukuthi isikhala nesikhathi empeleni kuyinto efanayo (ukuhlobana okujwayelekile) kuyisibonelo esisodwa, ukutholwa kukaDarwin ukuthi abantu bavela ezinhlotsheni zokuphila zasendulo, ngesinye. Futhi-ke, ukutholakala kukaPlanck, u-Einstein noBohr koomakhenikha be-quantum kwasekuqaleni, kungenye futhi.

Konke lokhu kusikisela ngokuqinile ukuthi imibono engemuva komdlalo wakusasa eshintsha intuthuko kwi-neuroscience, namuhla izobonakala kubantu abaningi njengengavumelekile futhi engenakwenzeka.

Manje, ngoba i-quantum biology ebuchosheni izwakala iyinqaba futhi ingenakwenzeka ayikufanelekeli ngokuzenzekelayo ukuthi ibe ngumthombo wokuqhuma okukhulu okulandelayo ku-neuroscience. Kepha ngine-hunch yokuthi ukuqonda okujulile kwemiphumela ye-quantum ezinhlelweni eziphilayo kuzokhipha imininingwane emisha ebalulekile mayelana nobuchopho nezinhlelo zethu zezinzwa, uma kungenasinye isizathu, ukuthi ukwamukela umbono we-quantum kuzobangela ososayensi bezinzwa ukuba bafune izimpendulo ngendlela exakile futhi izindawo ezinhle abangakaze bacabange ukuziphenya ngaphambili.

Futhi lapho abaphenyi bebheka lezo zinto ezimangazayo futhi ezimangalisayo, lezo zimo, kungenzeka, njengabazala babo ababambekayo kwi-particle physics, babheke emuva kubo!