Uhambo Olungakholeki: Ikhaya Lezingane Nezinja

-Delile

• Indaba ejwayelekile yokuthi sihlangane kanjani. . .
• Indaba engcono?
• Kodwa linda! Kuyini ngempela ukufuya?
• Kepha-ke kuyini ukufuya?

Akunakuphikiswa ukusho ukuthi izinja nabantu benzelwe omunye nomunye, yize ukuthi ukubambisana phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu kwenzeka kanjani kuseseyindida yomlando ehlala njalo. Kuyaziwa, noma kunjalo, ukuthi ukukhuluma ngokwezinto eziphilayo, izinja ( I-Canis lupus familiaris nezimpisi ( I-Canis lupus ) zihlobene kakhulu - kangangoba izazi zezilwane ziyavuma ukuthi izinja zesimanje ngokuyinhloko ziyizimpisi ezifuywayo - noma ukusho lokhu ngolimi oluthile esihlathini, izinja ziyizimpisi ezigqoke isikhumba semvu. Uma lokhu kuyiqiniso, khona-ke umbuzo osobala womlando yilokho okwenzeka emhlabeni esikhathini esithile esedlule okwaphendula ezinye izimpisi zaba yizinja zesimanje?

Indaba ejwayelekile yokuthi sihlangane kanjani. . .

Ukuthi izimpisi nabantu bahlangana kanjani okokuqala yindaba ngokusobala eqala ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule emuva ngesikhathi se-Ice Age yokugcina yomhlaba. Isayensi kuyisayensi, kunokungaqiniseki okuningi kanye nempikiswano enkulu mayelana nokuthi kudala kangakanani lokhu kubhanqwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka okokuqala. Akukacaci nokuthi lokhu kubambisana kwenzeka kuphi okokuqala. Ngokufanayo kunokungaqiniseki ngokuthi kungani.

Indaba ejwayelekile yokufuya izinja yakhulunywa ngokukhangayo kudala ngusosayensi wezilwane odumile, isazi semvelo, noNobel Laureate uKonrad Lorenz - kodwa futhi nabanye abaningi ngezindlela ezingafani - ukuthi kwake kwaqala izimpisi (noma kuhlobo lukaLorenz, izimpungushe) ukuzulazula ngapha nangapha komlilo wabazingeli bePleistocene nezihlobo zabo ukubuyisa izinsalela zokudla abazishiye ngamabomu, noma mhlawumbe balahlwe nje njengodoti.

Kunoma ikuphi, ngakho-ke indaba iyahamba, kungekudala labo abasehlangothini lomuntu lwe-equation babona ukuthi lezi zinhlayiya ezinamandla, okungenani lezo ezinobungane, zingaba ngaphezu kokuphazamisa nje. Bangazenza babe wusizo njengezinogada, abangani abazingelayo, njalonjalo. Mhlawumbe ngisho nento efudumele yokuganga ngobusuku obubandayo basebusika.

Indaba engcono?

Eqinisweni kungenzeka singazi ukuthi izimpisi nabantu bahlangana kanjani eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eyedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, manje kunezizathu ezinhle zokucabanga ukuthi ukubuyekezwa kwendaba ejwayelekile yokuguqulwa kwempisi ibe yinja kuyadingeka. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuhlakanipha okuvamile kube nehaba lokuthi sibe nomthelela ongakanani ekubunjweni hhayi nje kwezimpawu zokwakheka kwezinja, kepha nokuziphatha kwazo. NjengoMartina Lazzaroni eDomestication Lab eKonrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology eVienna, e-Austria, kanye nozakwabo babhala muva nje: "Okutholakele kwethu kusekela umbono wokuthi ukufuya ekhaya kuthinte imikhuba yezinja maqondana nentshisekelo yabo yokuba seduze ""

Kodwa linda! Kuyini ngempela ukufuya?

Ngokuqeqeshwa nokusebenza, ngingu-anthropologist, hhayi i-zoologist noma i-ethologist. Ngingahle ngibe nephutha, kepha angicabangi ukuthi siyazi ngempela ukuthi yini elethe izimpisi nabantu ekubambisaneni ngaphezu kweqiniso elisobala lokuthi zombili izilwane eziyizenhlalo. Uma usungazwana futhi usebenze nabanye bohlobo lwakho, ingabe konke lokho kunzima ukukukholelwa ongakwazi ukukulandisa, futhi, phakathi nokwehlukana okuhlukanisa olunye uhlobo kolunye?

Engingakusho, nokho, ukuthi njengodokotela wesayensi yabantu ngike ngacabanga futhi ngabhala - ngithemba ngokuqonda okuthile - mayelana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukufuya ekhaya." ¹

Njengoba mina nomvubukuli uJohn Hart kanye nozakwethu abaningana besiphikisana iminyaka, kuyadukisa, futhi akulungile neze, ukuchaza ukufuya ekhaya njengendaba ngokushintsha kwezakhi zofuzo okulethwe izindlela zabantu. ² Njengoba mina noJohn sabhala ngo-2008:

. . . ukufuna ukuqala kokuqala kokufuya (futhi singangeza, ezolimo) kuyindlela yocwaningo ezophela kusukela ekuqaleni. Kungani? Ngoba (a) izinhlobo akudingeki ziguqulwe ngokusobala, morphologically noma ufuzo, ngaphambi kokuba zifuywe; (b) ushintsho lwe-morphological kanye nolofuzo kwesinye isikhathi olungathathwa "njengezimpawu zokushintshwa kwasekhaya" luthatha isikhathi ukuthuthuka, futhi ngenxa yalokho luyavela, uma luzovela nhlobo, ngemuva kokuqothulwa ngabantu; futhi (c) ukuphetha ngokuthi izitshalo nezilwane kuphela ezibonisa izimpawu ezisobala zokusetshenziswa kwabantu nokulinywa kwazo ezingabizwa njengezingozi “ezifuywayo” ukubukela phansi amandla namandla okuhlaliswa kwabantu emhlabeni esihlala kuwo.³

Kepha-ke kuyini ukufuya?

Ngokwalo mbono, njengoba thina bantu sijwayele ukusebenzisa izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane, hhayi nje ezimbalwa, ukufuya akusho nje ukuthi ukuthambisa isilwane noma ukuhlakulela isitshalo:

1. Ukuthi sizenze kanjani ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zahlukahluka, futhi kuye kwahluka njalo, kuya ngohlobo olukhulunywa ngalo nokuthi sifuna ukuluxhaphaza kangakanani.
2. Ngakho-ke, ukuqhutshwa kwasekhaya kungalinganiswa ngokungaguquguquki yi- ukusebenza - ngamakhono akhohlisayo abonisa ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani - kunemiphumela yawo (ngezinye izikhathi ebonakalayo kuphela).
3. Ngakho-ke noma yiluphi uhlobo lungabizwa ngokuthi "lwasekhaya" lapho olunye uhlobo iyazi ukuthi ingasetshenziswa kanjani kabi, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufuywa kwezindlu kuyinto iqiniso elijwayelekile lokuphila hhayi ikhono noma ithalente lomuntu ngokukhethekile.

Uyini umyalezo wokuthatha lapha? Azikho izinja noma abantu abazalelwa kulo mhlaba bazi ukuthi bangaxhaphaza kanjani omunye. Uma uvumelana nami ukuthi ukufuywa kwezilwane kuyigama elisho "ukwazi ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani," ngakho-ke ngaphandle kwehaba, noma kanjani I-Canis lupus futhi Homo sapiens savela saze safika ezingeni lapho babengenza khona, izingane nezinja kudingeka bafunde ngokuhlangenwe nakho ukuthi bangakwenza kanjani lokho - ukwenza kanjani ukusebenzisana kwabo nomhlaba nezinhlobo ezingenakubalwa ezihlala eduze kwabo.