U-Lightner Witmer: I-Biography Yale Psychologist waseMelika

-Delile

• Omunye wabashayeli abakhulu bokunakekelwa kwezingane ekwelashweni kwengqondo e-United States.
• U-Lightner Witmer: i-biography yalesi sazi sezengqondo
• Umsebenzi wokuqeqesha nomsebenzi wokufunda
• Umtholampilo Wokuqala WaseMelika WaseMelika
• Witmer kanye nokuqala kwengqondo yokusebenza kwengqondo

Omunye wabashayeli abakhulu bokunakekelwa kwezingane ekwelashweni kwengqondo e-United States.

U-Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) wayengudokotela wezengqondo waseMelika, owaziwa kuze kube namuhla njengobaba wesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo emtholampilo. Lokhu kunjalo selokhu wasungula umtholampilo wokuqala wezingane e-United States, owaqala njengophuma kwilabhorethri yezengqondo yase-University of Pennsylvania futhi eyayinakekela ikakhulukazi izingane.

Kule ndatshana sizobheka i-biography kaLightner Witmer, kanye neminye yeminikelo yakhe eyinhloko kwi-psychology yomtholampilo.

U-Lightner Witmer: i-biography yalesi sazi sezengqondo

U-Lightner Witmer, owayekade enguDavid L. Witmer Jr., wazalwa ngoJuni 28, 1867, ePhiladelphia, e-United States. Indodana kaDavid Lightner noKatherine Huchel, kanye nodadewabo ezinganeni zakubo ezine, uWitmer wathola iziqu zobudokotela kwezengqondo futhi ngokushesha waba umlingani e-University of Pennsylvania. Ngokunjalo, wayeqeqeshelwe ezobuciko, ezezimali kanye nezomnotho, kanye nesayensi yezepolitiki.

Njengabanye ososayensi nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ngaleso sikhathi, uWitmer wakhulela esimeni sempi yangemva kombango e-United States, ezungeze isimo esingokomzwelo esigcwele ukukhathazeka futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukwesaba nethemba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uWitmer wazalelwa eFiladelfiya, okuyisimo esifanayo esasibonakaliswe yimicimbi eyahlukene eyayiphawula umlando wezwe, njenge-Battle of Gettysburg kanye nemizabalazo eyahlukahlukene yokwenqatshelwa kobugqila. Konke okungenhla kuholele uWitmer ukuthi athuthukise ukukhathazeka okukhethekile kokusebenzisa i-psychology njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa umphakathi.

Umsebenzi wokuqeqesha nomsebenzi wokufunda

Ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zezepolitiki, nokuzama ukuqhubeka nokufundela ezomthetho, uWitmer wahlangana nesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esivivinyayo uJames McKeen Cattell, owayengomunye wabahlakaniphi abanethonya elikhulu zesikhathi.

Lesi sakamuva sakhuthaza uWitmer ukuthi aqale izifundo zakhe kwezengqondo. UWitmer washeshe waba nentshisekelo kuleso siyalo, ngokwengxenye ngoba wayekade esebenza njengothisha wezomlando nowesiNgisi nezingane ezineminyaka ehlukene, futhi wayeqaphele ukuthi iningi labo lalinobunzima obuhlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlukanisa imisindo noma izinhlamvu. Kunokuba abe eceleni, uWitmer wayesebenze eduze nalezi zingane, futhi usizo lwakhe lwaba nesandla ekwandiseni ukufunda kwazo.

Ngemuva kokuhlangana noCattell (owayeqeqeshwe nomunye wobaba besayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo, uWilhelm Wundt) nangemva kokuvuma ukusebenza njengomsizi wakhe, UWitmer noCattell basungula ilabhorethri yokuhlola lapho inhloso enkulu bekungukufunda umehluko wezikhathi zokuphendula phakathi kwabantu abahlukile.

Ngokushesha uCattell ushiya eyunivesithi, kanye nelabhorethri, kanti uWitmer uqala ukusebenza njengomsizi kaWundt e-University of Leipzig eJalimane. Ngemuva kokuthola iziqu zobudokotela, uWitmer wabuyela eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania njengomqondisi welabhorethri yezengqondo, esebenza kakhulu kwezocwaningo nasekufundiseni kwengqondo yezingane.

Umtholampilo Wokuqala WaseMelika WaseMelika

Njengengxenye yomsebenzi wakhe e-University of Pennsylvania psychology laboratory, uWitmer wasungula umtholampilo wokuqala wokunakekelwa kwezingane waseMelika.

Phakathi kokunye, ubephethe ukusebenza nezingane ezehlukene, ngenhloso yokuzisiza zinqobe lokho akubize ngokuthi “ukukhubazeka” ekufundeni nasekusebenzeni nabantu. UWitmer wathi lokhu kukhubazeka kwakungezona izifo, futhi kwakungekhona ukuthi kwakungumphumela wokukhubazeka kobuchopho, kodwa kunalokho isimo sengqondo sokukhula kwengane.

Empeleni, uthe lezi zingane akumele zithathwe "njengezingajwayelekile", ngoba uma zinhlanhlatha ngokwesilinganiso, lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ukukhula kwazo bekusezingeni elandulela elabaningi. Kepha, ngosizo olwanele lomtholampilo, olwengezwe yisikole sokuqeqesha esasisebenza njengesikole sasesibhedlela, ubunzima babo bungakhokhelwa.

Witmer kanye nokuqala kwengqondo yokusebenza kwengqondo

Enkulumweni mpikiswano mayelana nokuzimisela kwefa noma kwemvelo kokuziphatha, okwakubusa kakhulu kwengqondo yezengqondo yangaleso sikhathi, uWitmer ekuqaleni wazibeka njengomunye wabavikeli bezici zofuzo. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuqala ukungenelela njengodokotela wezengqondo womtholampilo, uWeimer uphikise ngokuthi ukukhula namandla ekhono enganeni kubekwe ngokuqinile yizakhi zemvelo nangendima yezenhlalo nezomnotho.

Ukusuka lapho, umtholampilo wakhe wagxila ekwandiseni ukutadisha kwengqondo yezemfundo kanye nalokho okwakuthiwa yimfundo ekhethekile phambilini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waziwa njengoyise wesayensi yezengqondo ngoba waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "Clinical Psychology" ngo-1896, ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-American Psychological Association (APA).

Kumongo ofanayo, uWitmer uvikele ukwehlukaniswa kwengqondo nefilosofi, ikakhulukazi yayikhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwe-APA ne-American Philosophical Association. Njengoba lezi zakamuva zidale izingxabano ezahlukahlukene, uWitner no-Edward Titchener basungula umphakathi ohlukile kuphela wezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zokuhlola.

UWitmer uvikele ngokuqinile ukuthi ucwaningo olwenziwa kwi-psychology, kuma-laboratories, kanye nemibono eyenziwe ngongqondongqondo abakhulu, ingaba nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo nokuqondile ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yabantu. Ngokunjalo, esisekelweni sokuthuthuka kwengqondo yezengqondo kunesisekelo sokuthi ukuzijwayeza nokucwaninga kuyizinto ezingenakuhlukaniswa zalesi siyalo.