Mozart kanye ne-Effort Paradox

Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kubhalwe ngokubambisana nguJoachim Krueger, uTanushri Sundar, u-Erin Gresalfi, no-Anna Cohenuram.

“Akukho lutho emhlabeni okufanele ukwenze noma okufanele ukwenziwa ngaphandle kokuthi kusho umzamo, ubuhlungu, ubunzima ... Angikaze empilweni yami ngibe nomona ngomuntu obephila impilo elula. Ngifise umona abantu abaningi abebephila impilo enzima futhi bebahola kahle. ” —UTheodore Roosevelt ("Izinhloso ZaseMelika Kwezemfundo," 1910)

Ukuxhumana phakathi komzamo nempumelelo kugcwele ukuphikisana. "Ukuphikisana kwemizamo" kungukungafani phakathi kwemithelela evamile yomzamo kanye nezisusa zomuntu ngamunye zokukhetha imisebenzi yokuzikhandla (Inzlicht et al., 2018). Ngenkathi amamodeli wezomnotho wendabuko ethatha umzamo njengezindleko, umzamo uqobo ungangezela inani emiphumeleni efinyelelwe noma ube nomvuzo ngokwemvelo. Cabanga, ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sokugcina ufundela ubumnandi noma uthokozela umdlalo onzima we-chess. Ukuzijabulisa okunjalo kungakhombisa ukwaneliseka "kwesidingo sokuqonda," ukuthambekela kokuzibandakanya kokucabanga okunamandla (UCacioppo et al., 1996).

Ukuphikisana komzamo kudlulela ngalé komuntu uqobo. Inselelo ye- "Ice Bucket", ngokwesibonelo, isheshise kakhulu ijubane locwaningo lwe-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als.org). Abahlanganyeli balahle amabhakede amanzi afriziwe emakhanda abo, banikela ezinhlanganweni ze-ALS, bakhuthaza nabangane babo ukuthi benze okufanayo. Lona umphumela wokufel 'ukholo osebenzayo. Lapho sihlupheka ngokwengeziwe ngenhloso yokusiza, sinikela kakhulu. Futhi lapho abanye behlupheka kakhulu ngenhloso yokusiza, sinikela kakhulu (Olivola & Shafir, 2018). Lokhu kunwetshwa kokuphikisana kwemizamo kwabanye kungeza okuncane ebudlelwaneni bevelu yomzamo futhi kuphakamisa umbuzo othakazelisayo. Ngabe sikhetha imiphumela yabanye abantu ukuthi izuzwe ngokuzikhandla?

Impendulo enembile ithi "yebo." Sifuna abantu basebenzele impumelelo yabo, ngakho-ke sibabambelela ezindinganisweni eziphakeme zemigomo yokusebenza. Ukubulawa kwenganekwane kukaWolfgang Amadeus Mozart yimbangi yakhe u-Antonio Salieri kukhuluma ngalesi simo. Yize kungenzeka ukuthi uMozart wabulawa yisifo (iBorowitz, 1973), umbono kaSalieri njengombulali onomona uye wahlaba umxhwele izethameli amakhulu eminyaka. Kwifilimu ehlonishwe ngokujulile Amadeus (1984), uSalieri ohloniphekile ulwa nokholo lwakhe, engakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi kungani uNkulunkulu enikeza umfana ongavuthiwe futhi kwesinye isikhathi onengekayo. Isipho sikaMozart siza kalula kakhulu, uSalieri uyakhala. Akazange akuthole. USalieri uhlushwa ngumbuzo esinayo sonke, kwesinye isikhathi, esizibuze wona: Uma isipho esinje sikhona, kungani singasinikwanga?

Le ndaba yomona oqhubekayo iyaqhubeka ngoba iyavela. Ngamandla esazalwa nawo, ama-prodigies kanye Wunderkinder susa ukuxhumana phakathi komzamo nempumelelo, futhi lokho kukhonjiswa kobuhle obungaqinisekisiwe kuveza ukusabela okuyinkimbinkimbi kulabo abangahlanganyeli ngesipho esifanayo.

Sigqugquzelwe ngumculo noMozart, sakhe ipharadaym yokukala ukulinganiswa kwemizamo yabanye. Senze izimo eziyisishiyagalolunye zemiphumela yokuzikhandla ngokuwela amazinga amathathu obuchule (okuhle, okuhle kakhulu, osezingeni lomhlaba) kuthuluzi lomculo elenziwe, i milano , namahora wokuzijwayeza (ihora eli-1, amahora ama-5, amahora angu-8 ngosuku). Idizayini iboniswa kumfanekiso ongenhla. Ku-Study 1, sibuze abaphendulile ukuthi bazilinganisele ngokwabo izimo zemiphumela yomzamo, futhi eSifundweni 2 sibacele ukuthi balinganise izimo zemiphumela yomzamo kontanga ongahleliwe. Sibikezele ukuthi abaphenduli ku-Study 1 bangathanda izimo zomzamo ophansi nempumelelo ephezulu ngokuya ngezindleko zokumelana nezindleko, futhi sabikezela ukuthi abaphendulayo eSifundweni 2 bazokhombisa ubudlelwane obuqinile phakathi komzamo nempumelelo, lapho izimo "ezitholwe ngokuzikhandla" zithandwa kakhulu .

Imiphumela - ekhonjiswe esithombeni esingezansi - itholwe ngabafundi esifundweni senjabulo. Kubo bobabili nakwabanye, abaphendulile bakhetha isikhathi esincane sokuzijwayeza nokukhuphula izinga. Lokhu okutholakele kuyahambisana nemithelela ejwayelekile yomzamo njengokutshalwa kwemali okubizayo. Yize sithathe umqondo wokuthi ukuphikisana kwemizamo kuzovela eSifundweni 1, sabikezela kahle ukuthi umbono we-hedonistic, okungukuthi, wokuphikisana nomzamo uzobusa. Ngenkathi umzamo ngokwesiko uthathwa njengesizathu sangaphakathi sempumelelo (Weiner, 1985), umbono wethu uphatha umzamo njengenketho yangaphandle. Njengalokhu, ukukhethwa komzamo ophendulayo kungenzeka kube nomphumela obuthakathaka kuphela emizweni yomuntu siqu, futhi abaphenduli kungenzeka ukuthi bathole inzuzo yomuntu elinganiselwe ekusebenziseni umzamo omkhulu kunalokho okudingekayo. Ngakho-ke iSifundo 1 siqinisekisa umqondo wokuthi umzamo uyindleko ku milano umbandela.

Indida yemizamo ivela lapho idatha yeSifundo 1 iqhathaniswa nedatha yeSifundo 2. Siphathe isimo se-hedonistic kakhulu (ihora eli-1, isigaba somhlaba) njengokuqhathanisa okwenzeka phakathi kokuzithandayo nokunye. Amasampula ama-Welch amabili t- ukuhlolwa kubonise ukuthi ababambiqhaza abangama-222 eqenjini lokuzilinganisela ( UM = 1.57, SD = 1.65) uma kuqhathaniswa nababambiqhaza abayi-109 eqenjini lokulinganiswa kwamanye ( UM = 2.45, i-SD = 2.51) ibinokuthanda okunamandla kakhulu kwesimo se-hedonistic kakhulu sokuzijwayeza ihora eli-1 lesimo sezinga lomhlaba, t ( 155.294) = 3.37, k 0.01, d = 0.42.

Yize bekhethe impumelelo yomzamo omncane ezifundweni zombili, abaphendulile bathambekele kakhulu ekuzikhetheleni isinqamuleli esibiza kancane kunokukhetha ontanga. Imininingwane iphakamisa ukuthi ngandlela thile, kepha hhayi ngokweqile, siyancika ngesipho sethalente elisheshayo. Sifuna umzamo wokuba izindlela zokuphumelela kontanga yethu. Kungani?

Mhlawumbe, njengoSalieri, siyaxwaya ngethalente elihle. Umsebenzi onzima wenza impumelelo ibonakale ifinyeleleka futhi kufanelekile. Singase futhi sicasuke ngokuthi asibona abanikezwe ubuhlakani obungenakuqhathaniswa. Ngalo mbono, idatha ibonisa ukuchema kwe-egocentric ngokulunga. Okusifanele thina kubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho okulungele abanye (UMessick & Sentis, 1978), njengoba sizibona singaphandle kwemigomo elawula umphakathi.

Futhi njengoSalieri, owayengayithandi intshiseko kaMozart, sithinteka ekulinganisweni okubi. Sizikala ngokweqile izindleko ezibekwe kithina (iWolfson & Salancik, 1977) bese sizibukela phansi izindleko ezibekwe kwabanye (Wirtz et al., 2004). Umsebenzi onzima kulula ukushiya ngaphandle kokuthatha. Ngenye indlela, singaqagela kahle izindleko kepha sikhiphe umsebenzi onzima ukugcina umbono wokuthi sijabule kakhulu kunontanga yethu (UKrueger, 2021).

I- milano I-vignette ingeza ekuphikiseni komzamo. Ekuhloleni impumelelo yabanye, siwazisa impela umzamo ngoba kuyindleko. Umbono wokuzikhandla, kubonakala sengathi ungasithokozisa.