Ukukhumbula uBernie Madoff

-Delile

• Amaphuzu abalulekile
• Kungani Abatshalizimali Bawakholelwa Amanga KaMadoff

Amaphuzu abalulekile

• UBernard Madoff, i-orchestrator yohlelo lwePonzi olubiza kakhulu emlandweni, ushone ngo-Ephreli 14.
• Kunezifundo ezibalulekile esingazifunda endabeni kaMadoff, kufaka neqiniso lokuthi sisengozini kakhulu ezinhlelweni zePonzi kunalokho esingakucabanga.
• Abantu bathambekele ekuweleni ezinhlelweni zePonzi ngoba bavame ukungakunaki ukubaluleka kobufakazi futhi behluleka ukubona amanga.
• I-accountantic forensic, uHarry Markopolos, ubengabona ukuthi okushiwo nguMadoff akunangqondo. Lokhu bekufanele kube sobala kunoma ngubani obukayo.

Ekuseni ngo-Ephreli 14, uBernard L. Madoff, owayengumqambi wohlelo lwePonzi olubiza kakhulu emlandweni, washona eneminyaka engama-82 ngemuva kokudonsa iminyaka engu-12 yesigwebo sakhe seminyaka engu-150 ejele lomfelandawonye. Njengehlazo elikhulu emlandweni wokutshalwa kwezimali, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi noma iziphi izinyembezi zehla phakathi kwezisulu zikaMadoff lapho ezwa ngokufa kwakhe — ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi bafisa sengathi ngabe abakaze bezwe ngoBernard Madoff. Yize iningi lingathanda ukumkhohlwa, kukhona ukwehla okukhulu endabeni kaMadoff eya emlandweni. Okubi ukuthi uMadoff uhlala eyisikhumbuzo esihle kunazo zonke sokuthi noma ngubani angakhohliswa ikhoni futhi izinkolelo ezingamanga ezethulwa kwabanye zingaqhubeka noma ngabe bukhona ubufakazi bokuthi bungafakazelwa lezo zinkolelo.

Ngempela, kunezifundo okufanele uzigcine endabeni kaMadoff. UMadoff futhi wayeyisikhumbuzo esihle kakhulu sokuthi noma ngubani angaqalisa uhlelo lwePonzi oluyimpumelelo. Kwakungekhona ngempela ukuthakatha nokukholisa okwenza uMadoff akwazi ukuthola abatshalizimali — abangaphezu kuka-4 800 kubo ababeke imali ehlangene engama- $ 18 million — ukutshala izimali zakhe ze-hedge funds. Yize ayaziwa futhi ehlonishwa kakhulu eWall Street, iningi labatshalizimali alikaze lihlangane noMadoff, ingasaphathwa eyokukhuluma naye. Inqobo nje uma ungaphakamisa i-façade owaziyo ukuthi ukhuluma ngani futhi umeme abantu ukuthi bagcine imali yabo "ibasebenzela", ungaqhuba uhlelo lwePonzi oluyimpumelelo — olungeke lube nzima inqobo nje uma unganikeza abatshalizimali babuyisele emuva u-10% wemali yabo, benze sengathi kuyinzuzo yangempela ekutshalweni kwabo.

Okuhlaba umxhwele ukuthi uMadoff ukwazile ukukhipha abatshalizimali beqhwa nabaphenyi be-US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) iminyaka eminingi kangaka (kusuka ngo-1991 kuya ku-2008). Isikimu sikaMadoff saqala ukonakala ngo-2008 lapho abatshalizimali becela ukubuyiselwa imali engamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 7 lapho esesele namaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-300 ebhange ukuthi abuyisele. Noma kunjalo, akudingi amakhono ezingeni lezinga labathakathi ukudala izincazelo ezingenangqondo zokukhula kokusebenza nokunxenxa uquqaba lwabantu ukuthi likunikeze izizumbulu zemali ngenkathi ukwazi ukukhombisa - okungenani okwesikhashana — ukuthi ungasebenzisa imali abayitshalile.

Kungani Abatshalizimali Bawakholelwa Amanga KaMadoff

Ucwaningo lwengqondo kwezenhlalo ekutholeni izinkunzi lukhombisa ukuthi uMadoff uphumelele ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yendlela abantu abavame ukuphendula ngayo ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo ebunzimeni nasemangeni, bedebeselela ukubaluleka okubaluleke kakhulu kobufakazi bangempela. Ukube abatshalizimali bebengazange babe nobungozi obukhulu kangaka. Abantu bayizisulu kuze kufike ezingeni lapho behluleka khona ukubona ukuthi into i-bullsh t yize kunemikhombandlela ekhona engakhombisa ukuthi iyinkunzi t.

Esinye sezizathu esenza abantu babe nobudlova kakhulu namuhla ukuthi ijubane lempilo liyashesha kakhulu kunangaphambili. Asisabekezeleli iqiniso nokutholakala okufanelekile. Sifuna izimpendulo nezisombululo ezisheshayo zezinkinga manje. Impela, isivinini seqhwa sophenyo lwesayensi nokukhuthala okufanelekile kudlula kude ngenxa yezifiso zethu zokuba noma sizizwe sinemizwa yolwazi. Kepha lokho akusho ukuthi sizokwenza kahle ngezindlela zokwahlulela okunengqondo nokuthatha izinqumo ukukholelwa kumbhedo ovele uzwakale umuhle.

Indlela yokuhlonza kakhulu i-bulsh t ukuthi ukuthi uma uphenya isimangalo ngempela, uthola ukuthi empeleni azikho izizathu ezizwakalayo zokukukholelwa. Umbhedo omuhle kunayo yonke uMadoff asetshenziselwe ukufeza impumelelo yakhe ye-hedge fund ukuthi wasebenzisa "isu lokuguqula isiteleka sokuhlukanisa." Lokhu kusolakala ukuthi bekubandakanya ukuthenga inhlanganisela yamasheya amasheya aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphakathi kwe-S & P 100 kanye ne-500 bese bewafaka imishwalense ngezinketho zokubeka ezamnika ilungelo lokuthengisa izimpahla ngenani elithile ngosuku olucacisiwe. Ngale ndlela, uMadoff wayekwazi ukufihla izinyathelo “zezentengiselwano” zakhe. Uhlobo lwecebo okusolwa ukuthi uMadoff ulisebenzisile belizoshiya umzila omkhulu wephepha — kepha uma kungekho mzila wephepha wezentengiselwano zesitoko, abukho ngempela ubufakazi bezimangalo zobuqili bukaPonzi. Okubi kakhulu kepha, yize uMadoff wayebonakala njengomthengisi, akazange abhale ngisho nezimali zakhe ze-hedge noma kuphi noma azenze umphathi. Kwakungekho bunye ubufakazi ngaphandle kwezwi likaMadoff. Ukube nje abatshalizimali benze kahle ngokukhumbula insingo kaHitchens: Lokho okungafakazelwa ngaphandle kobufakazi nakho kungachithwa ngaphandle kobufakazi. Umthwalo wobufakazi bokuba yiqiniso kwesimangalo ulele kulowo okufakayo. Uma umthwalo ungafinyelelwanga, isimangalo asinasisekelo, futhi abaphikisi babo akudingeki baphikisane ngokuqhubekayo ukuze basichithe.

Isikhulu esiphezulu embonini yezokuphepha kanye ne-accountant ye-forensic, uHarry Markopolos, ukuqhubile nokuxoshwa ngoba wayengathengi noma yiziphi izimangalo zikaMadoff. Ngokwenza isivivinyo esilula sokubonakala, uMarkopolos wayebona ukuthi isu likaMadoff okusolwa ngalo lalingenangqondo. UMadoff ubike ukubuya okungaguquguquki kwe-1% ngenyanga, ngembuyiselo engaguquguquki, emaphakathi eyi-12% ngonyaka, kungakhathalekile ukuthi izinkomba ze-S & P 100 kanye ne-500 zikhuphuke zenyuka noma zehla-sonke lesi sikhathi, zithi ukubuya kwakhe kuqhutshwa yimakethe. Kodwa-ke, cishe akunakwenzeka ukwenza izinqumo eziqhutshwa yimakethe, konke kungaphakathi kwe-S & P 100 kanye ne-500s, lapho ukusebenza komuntu kufana no-6% kuphela wokushintshashintsha kwemakethe iminyaka eyi-18. Lokhu bekufanele kube sobala ngokusobala kunoma ngubani obuka izinkomba nemibiko kaMadoff.

UMarkopolos uphinde wacabanga ukuthi umuntu angathenga ngokweqiniso u- $ 1 billion kuphela "wezinketho zokubeka" zamasheya we-blue-chip. Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, uMadoff wayezodinga imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 50 zalezi zinketho ukuvikela izimali zakhe-okungaphezulu kakhulu kunalokho okwakukhona ohlelweni. Yize uMarkopolos axwayise i-SEC amahlandla amathathu ahlukene, akekho noyedwa owayemlalela. Ngemuva kwakho konke, akekho ofuna ngempela ukukholelwa ukuthi izimali zabo ziboshwe ohlelweni lwePonzi, ingasaphathwa eyokubheka izibalo eziyisisekelo, ikakhulukazi lapho kubonakala sengathi benza ukubuyiswa okungu-12% kutshalomali minyaka yonke. Ngenxa kaMadoff, siyazi ngamanye amafulegi abomvu we-Ponzi scheme ambalwa-kuzofanele ungakhohlwa.