Ukushaya impempe, ukungalaleli kwabantu, kanye nentando yeningi

Muva nje, uMeluleki Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke uMichael Flynn uxoshwe ngabaphathi bakaTrump ngemuva kokuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zikhiphe imininingwane ehlukanisiwe nabezindaba mayelana nokuxhumana ngocingo phakathi kukaFlynn neNxusa laseRussia uSergey I. Kyslyak, okwenzeka ngaphambi kokugcotshwa kukaTrump, okubandakanya (ngokwengxenye) ukwehliswa kwezijeziso kumaRussia abekwe abaphathi baka-Obama ngokuhlasela kwabo i-Ukraine. Ngokuphendula, umphathi weTrump othukuthele wagxila ekutholeni nasekujeziseni abavuzayo ngokuvuza kolwazi olwahlukanisiwe lukahulumeni kwabezindaba, kepha hhayi ngesenzo sikaFlynn esingemthetho sokucekela phansi inqubomgomo kahulumeni ekhona ngenkathi engeyena umphakathi.

Ngemuva kokuvuza, abezindaba sebephikisana kakhulu ngodaba lokuthi yini ebaluleke kakhulu, ukumisa ama-leaker noma ukuphenya ngezenzo ezifana nezikaFlynn. Igama elithi “ukushaya impempe” libe nendawo evelele kulezi zingxoxo, kanti amanye amaqembu enkulumompikiswano alisebenzisela ukuncoma abavuzayo ngomsebenzi wabo womphakathi, kanti abanye bakhuza labo abebebuza ukuthi "yizigebengu."

Kulesi simo esikhungathekile ngokomzwelo esinemiphumela engaba mide kakhulu ekuvikelekeni kwezwe, kungaba usizo ukufuna ukuqonda okucacile kwemiqondo ethintekayo, kanye nobudlelwano bayo nenqubo yentando yeningi. Ngempela, umbuzo wokuthi ngabe izenzo zababuleki zazifanelekile yini ngumbuzo wokuziphatha, i-grist yesigcini sokuhlaziywa yizazi zefilosofi zokuziphatha.

Eqinisweni, umsebenzi wokushaya impempe uthole ukunakwa okukhulu emashumini amathathu eminyaka edlule yizazi zefilosofi ezisebenza ezindaweni zebhizinisi nezokuziphatha okuhle. Ngokwesikhundla sami njengomhleli nomsunguli we-International Journal of Applied Philosophy, iphephabhuku lokuqala lomhlaba eliphelele elizinikele kulo mkhakha, ngibe nethuba lokusiza ekuthuthukiseni ezinye zalezi zincwadi, futhi ngisebenze ngokuseduze nabanye babalobi abaqavile ku le ndawo efana noFrederick A. Elliston ongasekho. Ngakho-ke ngizizwa nginesibopho esikhethekile sokuhlolisisa lolu daba. Lokhu kungena kwebhulogi kungumnikelo wami empikiswaneni.

“Ukushaya impempe,” njengoba kuqondwa ngokujwayelekile ezincwadini zefilosofi, kubandakanya ukudalulwa kwabasebenzi bamabhizinisi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezizimele, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ngemikhuba engekho emthethweni, yokuziphatha okubi, noma engabazekayo eyenzeka kulezo zinhlangano. Isisusa sokudalulwa, noma ngabe lokhu kungukulimaza umenzi wenkambiso engamukeleki, akubalulekile ukuthi isenzo siyafaneleka yini njengesenzo sokushaya impempe. Ngakho-ke, umuntu angashaya impempe ngezinjongo zokuzicabangela yena kuphela, njengokuphindela kothile. Njengalokhu, umbuzo mayelana nokuziphatha komuntu odalulayo udaba olulodwa; noma ngabe lowo muntu owenza impempe ushaya noma cha, nokuthi isenzo sivumelekile noma cha yimibuzo ecacile enengqondo.

Ngakho-ke, ukufaneleka kwesenzo sokushaywa kwempempe, njengoba kwehlukile kunhloso yempempe, kudinga ukuthi kuhlolwe ukuthi isisindo sokwenza okungalungile sanele yini ukunikeza isizathu sokudalulwa. Ngakho-ke kungaba nezinqumo ezimbi (zokuziphatha ezingekho emthethweni) zokushaya impempe ngabashayi bezinhloso abahle kakhulu, njengalapho udaba lungaxazululeka kalula ngaphakathi kwenhlangano; kodwa futhi kungaba nezisekelo ezinesisekelo esihle, kungakhathalekile ukuthi isisusa sini, njengalapho ingozi inkulu kangangoba idinga ukuvezwa obala, futhi ukushayelwa amakhwela kungenzeka kube ukuphela kwendlela yokufeza le nhloso.

Esinye isisekelo esisebenzayo ukuthi izimpikiswano zabezindaba ezigxile ekutheni ngabe abapheki abaphethe ukuphatha kukaTrump babenezisusa ezimbi zokucekela phansi ukuphathwa kukaTrump ngokungenasisekelo akubalulekile ekufanelekeni kwesenzo sokushaya impempe. Ngempela, umthetho we-Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act ka-2012 ukwenza kucace lokhu ekuhlinzekeni kwawo ukuthi, “ukudalulwa ngeke kukhishwe [ekuvikelweni] ngenxa .... yesisusa somsebenzi noma somfakisicelo sokwenza lokho kudalulwa.”

Ngokuphathelene nokuba semthethweni kokudalulwa, i-Whistleblowers Protection Act ivikela ukudalulwa ngabasebenzi bakahulumeni, noma ababengabasebenzi, lapho abasebenzi bakholelwa ubufakazi "(A) bokuphulwa kwanoma yimuphi umthetho, umthetho, noma umthethonqubo; noma` (B) ukuphathwa kabi, ukumosha izimali ngokweqile, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, noma ingozi enkulu futhi ethize empilweni yomphakathi noma kwezokuphepha. " Ngakho-ke, impempe kufanele ibe nenkolelo enengqondo yokuthi kukhona ukwephula umthetho; kepha, i- isisusa ukudalula lokho umsebenzi akholelwa ukuthi kungukwephula umthetho akusho lutho. Ngakho-ke, ngabe ukudalulwa okwenziwe yizikhulu zikahulumeni maqondana nokuxhumana okungabazekayo kukaFlynn kuvikelwe ngokomthetho?

Impendulo ithi cha. Umthetho futhi udinga ukuthi ulwazi oludaluliwe "aluvumelekile ngokomthetho." Njengoba imininingwane okukhulunywa ngayo yahlukaniswa, yayingavikelwe yilo Mthetho. Kodwa-ke, ukungabi semthethweni kokudalulwa akusho ukuthi bekungekho emthethweni ukukudalula. Esikhundleni salokho kusho ukuthi abantu abakudalule bekungavikelekile ekushushisweni ngokudalulwa.

Ngale ndlela, ukushaya impempe okukhulunywa ngayo kufana kakhulu nesenzo se ukungalaleli komphakathi . Lesi sakamuva sihilela ukwenqaba kwesakhamuzi ukuthobela umthetho othile ongathi ngokuziphatha kabi noma ungalungile. Ukungalaleli komphakathi kuyindlela ebalulekile lapho kuthinteka ushintsho lwezomthetho oludingekayo. Impela, entandweni yethu yeningi, uma kungekho noyedwa owake waphonsela inselelo imithetho engenabulungiswa, babengeke bashintshwe. URosa Parks wenqabile ukunikela ngesihlalo sakhe ebhasini eya kumlungu ephikisana nomthetho wokuhlukaniswa kombuso e-Alabama, kanti konke okunye sekungumlando. Umthetho wawunobubi futhi wawudinga ukuphonswa inselelo, kanti iRosa Parks (kanye nabanye) bahlangabezana naleyo nselele futhi basiza ekushintsheni umthetho owawudinga ukuguqulwa.

Endabeni yokumemeza, isakhamuzi esizimele naso singasiza ekuthinteni ushintsho oludingekayo kwezenhlalo. UMerrill Williams, owayengumsizi wezomthetho owangena embonini kagwayi, wephule isivumelwano semfihlo sefemu yabameli ayesebenzela yona ukuze adalule ukuthi iBrown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, amashumi eminyaka, ifihle ngenhloso ubufakazi bokuthi osikilidi babenomdlavuza futhi bengumlutha. Ezingeni likahulumeni, esigcawini esidumile saseWatergate, uMqondisi oHlanganisiwe weFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uMark Felt (AKA “Deep Throat”) ushaye impempe ngezinto ezingekho emthethweni zokuphathwa kukaNixon, okwaholela ekutheni uMongameli ashiye phansi isikhundla. UNixon kanye nokuboshwa kweNhloko Yezabasebenzi e-White House u-HR Haldeman kanye noMmeli Jikelele wase-United States uJohn N. Mitchell, phakathi kwabanye. Ngokusobala, kunezibonelo zomlando ezingangabazeki ezibonisa ukuthi izenzo zempempe zingenza igalelo elibaluleke kakhulu ekubekeni imingcele yezomthetho kanye neyokuziphatha ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwamandla ekuvikeleni inhlalakahle yomphakathi.

Kokubili ukushaya impempe nokungalaleli komphakathi kubandakanya nokuzibeka engcupheni yokuphonsela inselelo ezenzweni ezingekho emthethweni noma zokuziphatha okubi, kufaka phakathi ukulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukusongelwa ngokubulawa, ukulimala emzimbeni, ukuhlawuliswa kanye nokuboshwa. Njengoba ukuzuza kanye / noma nokuzuza kwezomthetho kukhulu, futhi impempe ifuna lezi zinguquko ngenxa yazo (hhayi ngenxa yezizathu zokuzenzela), abantu abenza impempe noma ukungathobeli komphakathi isibindi sokuziphatha . Lokhu kuyaphawuleka ngoba abagxeki bezimpimpi nalabo abangalaleli emphakathini kwesinye isikhathi basola ngokungafanele ukuthi abantu abanjalo “bangamambuka,” “izigebengu,” noma ngabantu abangenasimilo noma ababi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, bangaba phakathi kwabantu abanesibindi, amaqhawe, noma abashisekela izwe. Cabanga nje ngeRosa Parks! Uphule umthetho wezwe lase-Alabama, nokho bekungaba nzima ukuthi simbize “ngesigebengu.” Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukwethembeka phakathi kwamasela, kodwa lokho akubenzi babe nesimilo.

Embusweni wentando yeningi, ukushaya amakhwela, kanye nokungalaleli kwabantu, kusebenza umsebenzi obalulekile. Njengabezindaba, abashayela impempe bangasiza ukudalula ukwephulwa okusobala kokwethenjwa komphakathi ngabaphathiswa bakahulumeni, imvamisa abasebenza ngokubambisana nabezindaba, njengakwicala likaFlynn. Lokhu kungaba yingakho abaholi bezepolitiki abakhohlakele abazonda abezindaba nabo bejwayele ukubadelela abashaya impimpi. Ngokwazi njengabasusa impempe, njengabezindaba, bafuna ukwenza izinto obala, bavame ukubonwa "njengesitha."

Ukuvuza kwe ehlukanisiwe Imininingwane kahulumeni ngempimpi, ngenkathi ingekho emthethweni, ingasebenza ezinhlosweni zenhlalo ezibalulekile uma iveza ubungozi obukhulu bezwe. Ekuvuzeni imininingwane ehlukanisiwe, njengasendabeni yolwazi mayelana nokuxhumana kukaMichael Flynn neNxusa laseRussia, ukuvuza kungaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwezokuphepha kwezwe. Uma kunemizamo yokubukela phansi ukuphepha kwezwe ngesitha sangaphandle, futhi labo abantu abathembele kubo ukuthi bayabavikela basebenzisana nalesi sitha, imininingwane enjalo kufanele ivezwe emphakathini inqobo nje uma ingekho enye indlela efanele yokuvimbela ukulimala okungaba khona. Njengokungalaleli komphakathi, besingalindela ukuthi abavuzayo abazobanjwa bazoshushiswa. Kodwa-ke, njengamalungu omphakathi wentando yeningi, kufanele futhi sethembe ukuthi imininingwane edaluliwe izothathwa ngokungathi sína nokuthi noma yikuphi ukwephulwa kwezokuphepha kwezwe okuveziwe kuphenywe ngokuphelele. Isebenza kanjena intando yeningi.

Ngakho-ke ngabe bekufanelekile ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zivule imininingwane ngezingxoxo zikaFlynn? Kuthiwa uFlynn, waqamba amanga kwiPhini likaMongameli ngokuqukethwe yizingxoxo zakhe, waphika ukuthi babandakanya izingxoxo ngezijeziso eRussia. Kodwa-ke, lolu daba lwalungabekwa kalula ukube izikhulu zikahulumeni zazidalula lolu lwazi ku-V. noma kubaphathi babo, abangahle bazise i-V.P. Eqinisweni, lokhu kwenzeke ngempela ngenkathi i-Acting Attorney General uSally Yates yazisa i-White House ngezokuxhumana ezithathiwe. Kodwa-ke, ukulimala okungaba khona kwakungekhona nje lokho kokuqamba amanga ku-V.P .; bekumayelana nokwephulwa kwezomnotho okungenzeka kube khona. Ngabe le ndaba ephuthumayo kungenzeka ukuthi isingathwe kahle ngabaphathi bakaTrump ngaphandle kokudlulisela imininingwane kwabezindaba?

Njengoba kwenzeka, iWhite House ayizange imxoshe uFlynn kuze kube yilapho ulwazi seludaluliwe, yize yayithole imininingwane ku-Acting Attorney General emasontweni ambalwa edlule. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi abavuzayo ababonanga enye indlela yokubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nokwephulwa okubonakalayo ngaphandle kokushaya ikhwela kuFlynn. Ukwenza kanjalo kungenzeka ukuthi sekuvele kuphumelele ekusizeni ukususa "isixhumanisi esibuthakathaka" ochungechungeni lomyalo. Noma kunjalo, kusazobonwa ukuthi yini elandelayo.