Kungani i-U.S. Isakuvumela ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kwezingane?

Njengoba isishoshovu samalungelo omphakathi uMary Morgan (owaziwa ngoNkk. Benjamin Spock) aphawula, “UBen uhlale esho ukuthi singakhulisa izingane ezinhle, ezicabangayo nezihlakaniphile ngaphandle kokuzishaya.”

Indaba

Abahambi ababili bavakashele uMhlaba besuka emkhathini.

Bebexoxa ngesikhathi omunye ethi, “Uyazi, ngenxa yelukuluku, ngibuze abantu ngokukhulisa izingane. Bathe cishe ingxenye yesibili kwabathathu yabazali iyakuvumela ukujeziswa ngokomzimba — ukushaya izingane zabo — ukuze ibajezise. ”

Umngani wakhe wabukeka ethukile wathi, “Ini ?! Bayasangana laba bantu! Yisidala-ke leso! Abazi yini ukuthi benza okubi kunokuhle? Masiphume lapha MANJE! ”

“Ima kancane,” kuphendula isihambi sokuqala. “Mhlawumbe singabasiza. Kubonakala sengathi abazi ukuthi ungakhulisa izingane ezinomthwalo wemfanelo nezinomusa ngaphandle kokuzishaya. Asibashiyele okuthile, bese sihamba. ”

Futhi benza, nangu-ke!

Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvikelwa Kwezifo (CDC, Atlanta, GA) manje seziphume ngokusemthethweni nezinqubomgomo nezincomo zomthetho eziqinisekisa ukuthi ukujeziswa ngokomzimba ukuhlukumeza izingane nokuthi kufanele kungavunyelwa (Foston, et al. 2016).

Isimo se-CDC siphendula imininingwane eqhubekayo ekhombisa ukuthi ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kuhlotshaniswa nodlame olwengeziwe kanye ne-psychopathology (isb., UDurrant no-Ensom 2012; uStraus et al. 2014; UGershoff noGrogan-Kaylor 2016; USege et al. 2018; I-American Psychological Association 2019; Holden 2020).

Kodwa-ke, i-U.S. Ayinawo umthetho wesifundazwe ovimbela ukujeziswa ngokomzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusekhona izifundazwe eziyi-19 ezivumela ukujeziswa ngokomzimba ezikoleni. Konke lokhu kuqhathaniswa nempendulo yamazwe omhlaba emininingwaneni yokujeziswa ngokomzimba: Amazwe angama-60 asivimbele isijeziso somzimba kuzo zonke izilungiselelo, futhi amazwe angaphezu kuka-125 asivimbele ezikoleni, kubandakanya nalo lonke elaseYurophu.

I-American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) ikhomba futhi isekele izindlela ezintathu ezibalulekile zokuvikela ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kwezingane:

• Imfundo ngezinkinga ezingokwengqondo ezibangelwa ukujeziswa ngokomzimba nangezinye izindlela zokwelashwa. Imizamo yezemfundo kufanele iqondiswe kubazali, abanakekeli, othisha, abefundisi, abomthetho, kanye nomphakathi wonkana.
• Umthetho wokuvikela zonke izingane ekujezisweni ngokomzimba nokusiza abazali abasengozini.
• Cwaninga ngezinye izindlela zokuyala nokuphatha izingane nangezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokuxhumana nalezi zindlela kubazali, kothisha nakubanakekeli.

Ukuchazwa kwesijeziso somzimba

Ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kuchazwe ngokuthi "ukusetshenziswa kwamandla emzimbeni ngenhloso yokwenza ingane izwe ubuhlungu bomzimba noma ukungaphatheki kahle, ukuze kulungiswe noma kujeziswe isimilo sengane" (Gershoff 2008). Lokhu kufaka phakathi: ukushaya, ukushaya, ukucindezela, ukukhama, ukugwedla, ukubhaxabula / ”ukuqabula," ukuswayiza, ukushaya, ukushaya impama, ukugeza umlomo wengane ngensipho, ukwenza ingane iguqe ezintweni ezibuhlungu, nokuphoqa ingane ukuthi ime noma ihlale ebuhlungwini izikhundla isikhathi eside.

Ukuhlukumeza ngokomzimba kungabonakala ngokuthi “ukulinyazwa komzimba ngenxa yokushaywa isibhakela, ukushaywa, ukukhahlelwa, ukulunywa, ukushiswa, ukushaywa noma ukulinyazwa kwengane” (National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect 2000, njengoba kushiwo eGershoff 2002) . Ukuziphatha okubangela ubuhlungu kepha hhayi ukulimala emzimbeni kubhekwa njengokujeziswa ngokomzimba, kanti izindlela zokuziphatha ezibeka engozini ukulimala ngokomzimba zibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubuza i-dichotomy yendabuko yokujeziswa ngokomzimba: Iningi lokuhlukumezeka ngokomzimba kwenzeka ngezikhathi zezijeziso zomzimba. Ukuhlukumeza emzimbeni kuvame ukulandela lapho ukujeziswa kuyinhloso, ukwakheka, kanye nomphumela wesiyalo. Kokubili ukujeziswa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba kumele kugwetshwe. Kukhona ezinye izindlela ezisebenza kangcono ekuthuthukiseni ukukhula okunempilo kwezingane.

Ukujeziswa ngokomzimba: Ubhadane lweMpilo Yengqondo

Ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kuyinkinga enkulu yezempilo yomphakathi e-United States, futhi kuthinta kakhulu impilo yengqondo yezingane kanye nomphakathi esiphila kuwo. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi cishe abantu abadala abangama-65% e-United States bayakuvumela ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kanti cishe imindeni engama-50% isebenzisa ukujeziswa ngokomzimba ukujezisa izingane.

Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kobuhlongandlebe, ukungaziphathi kahle kwabantu, kanye nolaka ezinganeni, futhi kwehla ezingeni lobudlelwano bomzali nengane, impilo yengqondo yezingane, kanye namandla ezingane okufunda indlela yokuziphatha eyamukelekayo emphakathini. Abantu abadala abajeziswe ngokomzimba njengezingane maningi amathuba okuba bahlukumeze ingane noma owakwabo futhi baveze nokuziphatha kobugebengu (UGershoff 2008, 2016; Straus et al. 2014).

Ukushaya kuyisichasiso sokushaya. Umuntu akavumelekile ukushaya oshade naye noma umuntu ongamazi; lezo zenzo zichazwa njengecala lokushaya. Futhi akufanele umuntu avunyelwe ukushaya ingane encane futhi esengozini enkulu.

Ukushaya ingane kuvusa imizwa umuntu angafuni ukuyiveza enganeni: usizi, intukuthelo, ukwesaba, amahloni nokunengeka. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izingane ezishaywayo zikhomba umhlukumezi futhi zinamathuba amaningi okuthi nazo zizishaye — okungukuthi, iziqhwaga nabahlukumezi besikhathi esizayo bezingane zazo nabalingani bazo. Bavame ukufunda ukusebenzisa isimilo esinobudlova njengendlela yokubhekana nezingxabano nezingxabano phakathi kwabantu.

Amathrende Kazwelonke Namazwe Nedatha

Ngo-1990, ngenkathi ucwaningo lwesayensi luqala ukukhombisa ubudlelwano obuqinile phakathi kokujeziswa ngokomzimba kanye nemiphumela emibi yentuthuko, amazwe amane (iSweden, iFinland, iNorway, ne-Austria) ayesenqabele ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kuzo zonke izindawo. Emhlabeni jikelele, kwakukhona ukuvumelana okwandayo kokuthi ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kwezingane kwephula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba wamalungelo abantu.

Ngo-2015, ubufakazi obukholisayo mayelana nokulimala kokujeziswa ngokomzimba kwanxenxa amazwe angama-49, kufaka phakathi iSweden, iJalimane, iSpain, iGrisi neVenezuela, ukuthi avimbele ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kuzo zonke izindawo, kubandakanya nasemakhaya. Amazwe angaphezu kwekhulu asenqabele ukujeziswa ngokomzimba ezikoleni.

Izwe laseMelika alisenqabelanga isijeziso somzimba, kepha ukwamukelwa ngumphakathi kokujeziswa ngokomzimba e-US kuye kwehla kancane kancane futhi ngokuqinile kule minyaka engama-40 edlule. Kodwa-ke, ukujeziswa ngokomzimba ezikoleni kusesemthethweni ezifundazweni eziyi-19. Izwe laseMelika lisayine, kepha aligunyaziwe, i-United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), isivumelwano samazwe omhlaba esivimbela zonke izinhlobo zodlame lomzimba noma lwengqondo (Gershoff 2008).

Lezi zindlela zethulwe ezifundweni ezine zakamuva zokuchithwa kwamanzi: Ukuhlolwa kukaSusan Bitensky kwamaphethini wamazwe omhlaba (Ukujeziswa Kwabasebenzi Ngezingane, 2006); Ukubuyekezwa kocwaningo nezinqubomgomo kuJoan Durrant noRon Ensom ICanada Medical Association Journal ("Ukujeziswa ngokomzimba kwezingane: Izifundo ezivela eminyakeni engama-20 yocwaningo," 2012); I-Straus, i-Douglas, ne-Madeirus '(2014) yokuhlola izitayela ezinkulu eziyi-15 ku-psychopathology ehambisana nokujeziswa ngokomzimba; kanye nokuvuselelwa kukaGershoff noGrogan-Kaylor kwe-meta-ukuhlaziywa kocwaningo ngokujeziswa ngokomzimba (2016).

Ngabe zikhona izifundo zemiphumela emazweni evimbele ukujeziswa ngokomzimba? U-ermansterman nozakwabo benza izifundo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25 ngemuva kokuvinjelwa okuphelele kokujeziswa ngokomzimba eFinland ngo-1983 (2014, 2018). Imiphumela ikhombise ukwehla okukhulu okuqhubekayo ekuzijeziseni ngokomzimba ngemuva kokumiswa komthetho nokwehla okufanayo kwesibalo sezingane ezibulewe. Kwaqedwa ukuthi ukushintshelwa emcabangweni kuya esikweni lokukhulisa izingane okungenabudlova kungabonakala eFinland.

Ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo zokujezisa ngokomzimba zikhona ukusiza izingane zibekezelele ukukhungatheka, zilawule ukungezwani, ziziphathe ngezindlela ezamukelekayo emphakathini, zithuthukise izindinganiso ezifanele zokuziphatha, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuzethemba.

Ezinye izindlela eziphumelelayo zokujeziswa ngokomzimba

Lezi zindlela eziphakanyisiwe zinikeza abazali nabanakekeli ukuqonda okukhulu ngokukhula kwezingane, zinikeze amasu angaholela ekuziphatheni okuncane kobudlova ezinganeni nakubantu abadala, futhi kwehlise ukukhungatheka nokungabi namandla kwabazali okuvame ukuholela ekujezisweni ngokomzimba (bona futhi neAmerican Academy of Pediatrics , 1998).

• Ukulalela Nokukhuluma: Ukuxoxa
  Enye yezindlela ezilusizo kakhulu ukufeza ukukhula kwengane enempilo ukukhuthaza ukusebenzisa amagama esikhundleni sezenzo. Ukukhulisa amandla engane okubeka amagama emizweni nasezenzweni kuholela ekwandeni kokulawulwa kokungezwani (ukuqwashisa ngemizwa nokukwazi ukuyibekezelela ngaphandle kokwenza okuthile), ukuzazi, nokuthatha izinqumo ngokucabangayo. Le nqubo ifezwa ngu:
  • Ukukhuluma nokusebenzisa amagama esikhundleni sezenzo—Khuluma kunokuba ushaye. Xoxa nengane ngalokho okuphephile noma okuyingozi, ukuthi iziphi izindlela zokuziphatha ezamukelekayo noma cha, nokuthi kungani.
  • Ukulalela ingane—Thola ukuthi kungani enze noma akenzanga okuthile.
  • Ukuchaza izizathu zakho—Lokhu kuzothuthukisa amandla okwenza izinqumo kwengane.
• Ukuyala njengokufunda
  Igama elithi “isiyalo” livela egameni lesiLatini elisho “ukufundisa” noma “ukufunda.” Ukuziphatha kwezingane kunencazelo, futhi isimilo sixhumene ngqo nemizwa yangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, isiyalo inqubo egxila emizweni nasekuziphatheni okuvela kule mizwa. Ukulindela okungokoqobo ezingeni lokuzithiba, ukubekezela, nokwahlulela ingane yakho ezingeni elithile lokukhula kukhulisa kakhulu isiyalo esisebenzayo.
• Imizwa Yelebula
  Siza ingane ilebule imizwa yayo ngamazwi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Imizwa enjengentshisekelo, ukujabula, ukumangala, ukucindezeleka, intukuthelo, ukwesaba, amahloni nokunengeka kufanele ifakwe ilebula ngamagama. Lokhu kusiza ukulawulwa kokungezwani futhi kusize ukuguqukela ezindleleni ezivuthiwe zokuphatha imizwa. Ukukhuthaza umuzwa wokufuna ukwazi (intshisekelo) kungasebenza kakhulu.
• Ukuqinisa Okuhle
  Imivuzo nokudumisa kuzothuthukisa ukuzethemba kwengane lapho kufinyelelwa izindinganiso ezifanele. Ukuqiniswa okuhle kusebenza kakhulu ekutholeni izinguquko zokuziphatha zesikhashana nezesikhathi eside kunezijeziso eziveza imizwa yokwesaba nehlazo.
• Fundisa Ngesibonelo
  Yibekele isibonelo esihle ingane. Ingane ifuna ukufana nabazali. Izingane zihlangana nabazali bazo, futhi bazobeka imizwa nezenzo zabo lapho bebona abazali babo bekwenza lokhu. Bangobani abazali, nokuthi baziphatha kanjani, kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni kwezingane zabo. Ingane izolandela ukuhola komzali.
• Abazali Nabanakekeli Kumele Bazinakekele
  Umzali / umnakekeli okhathele, osindwayo, noma ocindezelekile akabekezeli kangako futhi akakwazi ukuhlela izindlela eziphumelelayo zokunikeza isiyalo. Ukusetshenziswa kotshwala nakho kunciphisa ngokumangazayo ukubekezelela ukukhungatheka futhi kukhuphule ukungafisi futhi kuphendukele ebudloveni. Ukuxhumana nabanye kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokusekelwa kungasiza kakhulu kubazali abacindezelekile.

• Ukukhuluma nokusebenzisa amagama esikhundleni sezenzo—Khuluma kunokuba ushaye. Xoxa nengane ngalokho okuphephile noma okuyingozi, ukuthi iziphi izindlela zokuziphatha ezamukelekayo noma cha, nokuthi kungani.
• Ukulalela ingane—Thola ukuthi kungani enze noma akenzanga okuthile.
• Ukuchaza izizathu zakho—Lokhu kuzothuthukisa amandla okwenza izinqumo kwengane.

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