Ukucabanga Ngokwesayensi Njengendlela Yokuzwa Olunye Uhlangothi

-Delile

• Amaphuzu abalulekile

Amaphuzu abalulekile

• Ukucabanga kwesayensi kuqukethe indlela esingayisebenzisa ukudala izingxoxo ezibandakanya kakhulu.
• Ukucabanga kwesayensi kusikhuthaza ukuthi siqaphele izindawo zethu ezingaboni futhi siziguqule zibe ngabagqugquzeli kunokuba kube izithiyo.
• Ukuze sisebenzise ukucabanga kwesayensi, kufanele sicabangele yonke imibono ehlukile esihlokweni esihlukanisayo.
• Ukucabanga kwesayensi kuqinisekisiwe ukukukhuthaza ukuthi uphinde ucabangisise imibono nezinqumo zakho.

Ukuhlukahluka kuyisici semvelo. Lokhu kunjalo ngabantu ngabanye, imindeni, izigaba zenhlalo, amaqembu ezenkolo, izinhlanga nezizwe. Okusho ukuthi imibono eyahlukahlukene izoba khona ngokwemvelo.

Kodwa-ke, imibono yethu eyahlukahlukene idale ukucindezeleka okukhulu nokwehlukaniswa, ikakhulukazi ngalesi sikhathi sobhadane nokucabanga ngokobuhlanga. Eqinisweni, imibono yethu ehlukanisiwe ibambe iqhaza esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu nasezinkulumweni zenhlalo ezingavinjelwe.

Ucwaningo lwango-2019 oluvela ePew Research Center lubonise ukuthi abantu abangamaphesenti angama-85 bakholelwa ukuthi isimo nesimo senkulumo yezepolitiki sesibe sibi kakhulu futhi singahloniphi kangako eminyakeni embalwa edlule.

Kepha imininingwane ikhombisa ukuthi abantu banesifiso sokuziveza. Kuhlolo lwango-2018 lwe- abafundi basekolishi, iningi labafundi laba nomuzwa wokuthi kufanele bakwazi ukuveza imibono yabo ezindabeni ezibalulekile kepha bavinjelwa ukwesaba.

Isimo sezulu sethu samanje asinikezi ukuphepha ngokwengqondo ukuze kukhulunywe mahhala. Abantu kaningi abazizwa bephephile ukuhlanganyela imibono yabo nabanye ngenxa yokwesaba ukujeziswa. Lapho yonke ingxoxo inamandla okuphenduka impi, ingxoxo eqotho ayenzeki futhi nokufunda ngeke kutholakale. Kungani kunjalo?

Inkulumo yethu yamanje isuselwa kwisimo senkulumompikiswano, okuyimpikiswano nokwehlukanisa ngokwemvelo. Inkulumo mpikiswano ivame ukuguqula izingxoxo zibe izingxoxo ezishubile lapho abantu benza khona ukuphikisana okuningi, ukuvikela, noma ukugwema kunokungena engxoxweni.

Iningi lezingxoxo ezenzeka namuhla zibandakanya uhlangothi olulodwa ukuqiniseka ukuthi umbono wabo ulungile futhi uzama ukukufakazela ngolwazi lokukhetha ama-cherry. Lokhu kubonakala ezingxoxweni eziningi “zethu siqhathanisa nabo” ezenzeka nsuku zonke ezikhungweni zanamuhla, ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ezinkundleni zezombusazwe, nasemigwaqweni lapho kuhlangana khona ababhikishi nabaphikisana nababhikishi. Ukugqama empikiswaneni kungabalulekile kubafisi abafisayo, abenza izinqubomgomo, nabasebenza ngezomthetho, kepha inkulumo-mpikiswano isekela isitayela sokungqubuzana esivaliwe, ngakho-ke kungenzeka kungabi yindlela engcono kakhulu yezingxoxo.

Kungani izingxoxo ezisuselwa enkulumweni yenkulumompikiswano zehluleka ukukhuthaza izingxoxo eziphephile? Ngoba isimo sayo sokuphikisana siphoqa abantu ukuthi bavikele ubunikazi babo. Imibono yethu yakhiwa ngezinkumbulo zethu zomuntu siqu, imilando yethu, kanye namagugu ethu ngakho-ke ukuyala abantu ukuthi bashintshe imiqondo yabo kufana nokubacela ukuthi bazikhiphe uqobo lwabo.

Abantu kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zodaba olubucayi ngokomlando banemizwa enamandla, kepha imvamisa, inkulumo yomphakathi ngenhloso ebonakala inhle yokukhuthaza ukufakwa iphikelela ekuvumelaneni kwemibono futhi ishiya isikhala esincane semibono ehlukene noma izingxoxo ezingaqondile. Lapho izinkinga ezinzima kakhulu, ezihlukanisayo esibhekene nazo namuhla - ubulungiswa bezinhlanga, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka kwamanye amazwe, ukuchema kwamaphoyisa, njalo njalo - kudinga ukubambisana nobunye ukuxazulula, inkulumo-mpikiswano ayisishiyi ndawo eduze kwesisombululo.

Ngingathanda ukunikeza enye indlela ngokususelwa ekucabangeni kwesayensi. Indlela engisebenza ngayo idinga inqubo yezingxoxo ezilungiswayo lapho abantu befunda khona ukubonisana ndawonye ngokwesayensi ngemibuzo enzima, noma ngabe baphikisana kakhulu.

Ngisebenzise le ndlela eHarvard lapho, njengodokotela wezengqondo nomphakathi, ngiletha izingane ezindala zabantu abasinda ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe ubuso nobuso nezingane ezindala zamaNazi, kamuva ngabazukulu nabazukulu babazigqila base-Afrika baseMelika nabaphethe izigqila. Izingxoxo ezihlinzekiwe phakathi kwala maqembu ahlukanisiwe ziveze ukuthi bonke ababambe iqhaza babehlanganyela imicu yemizwa nezingxabano nezikhathi ezedlule ezisathinta izimpilo zabo.

Womabili la maqoqo abantu abike ukuthi bazizwa sengathi bathole ifa elibuhlungu eladla izingxenye ezinkulu zempilo yabo nobunikazi. Endaweni lapho zombili izinhlangothi zazingabonisa khona ngokuphepha okuhlangenwe nakho kwazo, la maqoqo amabili abantu aqhamuka emaqenjini aphikisana nomlando akwazi ukuqonda ukuthi babelana ngomuzwa wokuhlukunyezwa. Isimo senkulumompikiswano besizovimbela lezi zingxoxo ekuqhubekeni okuholele emicimbini efanayo yokuqonda.

Le mihlangano yenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokucabanga ngokwesayensi, indlela ebalulekile yokubona izindawo zethu eziyimpumputhe futhi siyiguqule ibe ngabagqugquzeli kunokuba izithiyo. Abantu abacabangi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukucabanga ngokwesayensi njengendlela yokuqonda ezingxabanweni ezisuswe ngokomzwelo. Kepha, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukucabanga ngokwesayensi akuyikhiphi imizwa engxoxweni. Esikhundleni salokho, kusivumela ukuthi sime bese sicabanga ukuthi imizwa yethu izakhe kanjani imibono yethu nokuthi iba namuphi umphumela lapho sixoxa.

Ukucabanga kwesayensi kuyindlela efanelekile yokuhlola ukubukwa okuhlukanisiwe, izindaba ezingezona, ulwazi olungelona iqiniso, kanye nolwazi olungelona iqiniso. Yonke imibono ibhekwa njengemicabango okufanele ihlolwe, kunokuba kufakazelwe izinkolelo ezingokomzwelo . Ukucabanga kwesayensi kusebenzisa indlela ye-dialectic egcizelela ukuhlanganisa abantu abanemibono eyehlukene nemizwa ezwakale ngokujulile ngesihloko kodwa futhi abafisa ukuqonda omunye futhi bahlole umbono wabo.

Ukucabanga kwesayensi akuyona eyomuntu ngakho omunye akahluleli omunye ngombono wabo. Lapho izingxoxo ngezihloko ezihlukanisayo zihlanganiswa yimibono engokomzwelo, ukucabanga kwesayensi kusikhuthaza ukuthi sicabangele okunye ukuqagela futhi siqoqe yonke idatha ukuze sifinyelele ekuzwisaneni ngokuvumelana kanye nokuvumelana.

Yiqiniso, angizange ngisungule ukucabanga kwesayensi. Kube yindlela evivinywe kusukela ngaphambi kukaGalileo, okwathi ngekhulu le-17 wakhuthaza ukulinga futhi wamukela abanye ukuthi bathole ubufakazi bokuphikisa ukutholwa kwakhe kwezinkanyezi. Ukucabanga ngokwesayensi kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda okujulile komhlaba kanye neqiniso lethu elihlanganyelwe. Futhi kuyindlela engaguqula indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo.Enkulumweni ka-1931 yezemfundo, u-Albert Einstein wagcizelela ukuthi imfundo yesayensi kumele igxile ekufundiseni abantu ukuthi bacabange kanjani ngokwesayensi kunokuthola ulwazi oluningiliziwe.

Ukwenza umcabango wesayensi, abantu kufanele babheke yonke imicabango ehlukene esihlokweni esihlukanisayo, baqoqe yonke imininingwane etholakalayo, eminye yayo engangqubuzana, bese baxoxisana omunye nomunye ukuthi bayichaza kanjani leyo datha futhi bavumelanise kanjani ubufakazi obuphikisanayo. Ngale nqubo iqembu lingafinyelela ukuvumelana mayelana nokuthi yini okungavunyelwana ngayo - iqiniso elihlanganyelwe. Ukucabanga kwesayensi kunekhono lokuguqula ukubukeka okukodwa, okuhlukanisayo kube ukuqondana nokuxoxisana okuvulekile.

Sekuyiminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-20 ngifundisa isifundo se-psychology of diversity nezifundo zezindlela zokucwaninga ezithuthukile ngisebenzisa indlela yokucabanga yesayensi. Njengoprofesa nomcwaningi, ngibonile nokuthi leli khono lifinyeleleka kanjani. Lapho izingxoxo ekilasini ngezihloko ezihlukanisayo zihlaselwa yimibono, ngikhumbuza abafundi bami ukuthi basebenzise isihlenga sokuphila esinengqondo sesayensi, esingasisiza ukuthi sigweme ukucwila futhi sinamathele ekusebenzeni kwezingqondo zethu. Amakhono okucabanga esayensi ayaphatheka, ayasebenza, futhi ayaguqula. Ukucabanga kwesayensi kuqinisekisiwe ukukhuthaza abantu ukuthi bacabange kabusha imibono nezinqumo zabo.

Ukucabanga kwesayensi kuqukethe ngaphakathi kwawo uhlelo lomqondo namazinga wobufakazi angasetshenziswa ukudala indlela ebandakanya kakhulu inkulumo yenhlalo. Le ndlela inamandla okwakha isimo sezulu lapho wonke umuntu ezwa ephephile ukuveza imibono yokuqagela ukuze ihlolwe futhi ixoxwe. Isifiso sokuzwana, kunokuba silungile, sivumela abantu ukuthi bahlole imibono yomunye nomunye ngokuphepha.

Imininingwane Mona Sue Weissmark 2021; Wonke Amalungelo Agodliwe; Sicela ungakopishi noma usabalalise le ndatshana ngaphandle kwemvume.

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I-Weissmark, M. (2020). Iseluleko Kubafundi: Funda Ukucabanga Ngokwesayensi. IHarvard Gazette. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/02/embrace-logic-to-improve-both-education-and-society/

Weissmark, M. (2004). Izinto Zobulungiswa: Amagugu okuQothulwa Kwesizwe neMpi Yezwe II. I-Oxford University Press, e-USA. Ama-Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Justice-Matters-Legacies-Holocaust-World/dp/0195157575

Isikhungo Sokucwaninga sePew. (2019, Juni 19). Ukugxeka esidlangalaleni isimo senkulumo yezepolitiki e-US https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/06/19/public-highly-critical-of-state-of-political-discourse-in-the-us /

IKnight Foundation. (2018, Mashi 12). Inkulumo yamahhala ekhampasi: Yikuphi abafundi bekolishi abacabanga ngezinkinga zokuqala zokuchibiyela. https://knightfoundation.org/reports/free-expression-on-campus-what-college-students-think-about-first-amendment-issues/

U-Einstein, A. (1931, Okthoba 14). Kwezemfundo [Ikheli]. I-Albany, eNew York. http://www.cse.iitm.ac.in/~kalyantv/pdf/on_edu.pdf