Ubuhlungu Bokuxoshwa Kwesistimu: Isikhali Esithulile Sokuxhaphaza

# 1. Kubukeka Kanjani Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezintambo?

I-Ostracization, noma ukushiywa ngaphandle komuntu ngumuntu noma iqembu, kuyindlela ejwayelekile yeziqhwaga emsebenzini. Sisebenza njengesikhali esithule, esinzima ukusisho, kunzima ukusibiza, futhi siyingozi empilweni yengqondo yalowo oqondiwe kanye namandla okuhlangabezana nezimfuno emsebenzini. Imizwa yokwenqatshwa inamandla futhi iqalwa ngokushesha, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ocwaningweni olwenziwa kusetshenziswa iCyberball, umdlalo owenziwe ngekhompyutha wokuphonswa kwebhola lapho ilitshe likhishwa ngokungazelelwe emdlalweni.

Umjikelezo wokukhishwa inyumbazane, ngokusho kukaKipling Williams, uSolwazi Ohlonishwayo Wezengqondo ePurdue University futhi ongungoti ophambili kulo mkhakha, ulandela inqubo enezigaba ezintathu ebizwa nge-Need Threat Temporal Model. Kuqala ngesigaba se-Reflexive lapho izidingo eziyisisekelo zalokho okuqondiwe kokuzethemba, ukuzilawula, nokuphila okunenjongo kusongelwa khona. Isigaba sokubonisa noma sokubhekana naso siyalandela, lapho okubhekiswe kukho kuhlola umonakalo futhi kungazama ukuphinde kutholakale ukuxhumana ngokulandela izinkambiso zeqembu noma ukucasulwa ukuhlukunyezwa nokufuna impindiselo. Uma ukukhishwa kuthatha isikhathi eside, umgomo uhlose ukungena esigabeni sokushiya phansi umsebenzi, lapho evame ukuzwa imizwa yokungafaneleki, ukuphelelwa yithemba, nokudangala.

# 2. Kungani Abahlukumezi Emsebenzini Besebenzisa Ukuma Ngendlela Njengesikhali?

Kunzima ukufakazela, kulula ukujoyina, futhi kunomthelela omubi, ukukhishwa inyumbazane kuyindlela ethandwa kakhulu ngabahlukumezi basemsebenzini. Ngokusho kukaWilliams, "ukukhishwa inyumbazane noma ukukhishwa inyumbazane yindlela engabonakali yokuhlukumeza engashiyi imihuzuko, ngakho-ke sivame ukubukela phansi umthelela wayo." Ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwezenhlalo kuhlasela umuzwa walowo okuqondiswe kuye, kudiliza inethiwekhi yakhe yokuxhumana nabantu, futhi kuvimbele ukuhamba kolwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuqedwe ngempumelelo amaphrojekthi nemisebenzi. Ukuze ikwenze kukhange nakakhulu kusiqhwaga sasemsebenzini, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukukhishwa inyumbazane kuyathathelana. Ukwesaba ukukhishwa inyumbazane kuphawuleka kakhulu, iningi lababukele lizothatha isimilo somuntu ohlaselayo, liqinisekise ubulungu balo "eqenjini", kunokubeka engozini yokuziphindisela ngemikhuba yeqembu. Lapho isitshengiselo sikhonjwa ukukhishwa, ukuxoshwa kwabantu abaningi kungalandela, kuqinise ubuhlungu nobubanzi bokukhishwa inyumbazane.

# 3. Kungani Ukuhlushwa Ostracization Kubuhlungu Kangaka?

Ngokusho kukaRobert Sapolsky, isazi se-neuroendocrinologist eStanford University futhi owathola iMacArthur Foundation Genius Grant, ubuhlungu bokukhishwa inyumbazane kubonakala njengokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Siyizidalwa zomphakathi ngokwemvelo. Endle, ukuba seqenjini kuyadingeka ukuze usinde, futhi ukuhamba wedwa kusishiya sengozini yokulimala nokufa. Ubuhlungu bokukhishwa inyumbazane kungaba yithuluzi lokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukusixwayisa ukuthi sisengozini.

Izisulu zokukhishwa inyumbazane zivame ukuthi ukukhishwa kulinyazwa, incazelo efanelekile kuvela ngokuka-Eisenberger, Lieberman, noWilliams ocwaningo lwabo olukhombisa ukuthi ukuzihlukanisa kwenza i-dorsal anterior cingate kanye ne-anterior insula, izindawo ezifanayo zobuchopho ezikhanyayo njengomphumela ubuhlungu bomzimba. Bacabanga ukuthi "ubuhlungu bezenhlalo buyafana ekusebenzeni kwayo kokungakwazi ukuqonda izinhlungu zomzimba, busixwayise uma sesilimele ekuxhumaneni kwethu nomphakathi, okuvumela ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo zokubuyisela."

# 4. I-Ostracization ikukhuthaza kanjani ukuvumelana, ivimbe ubuhlakani, futhi ikukhuthaze ukushaya ikhwela?

Izimo zengqondo nezenzo zabasebenzi zisiza ekwakheni isiko elikhona emsebenzini kanye nokudala imithetho yokuba yilungu. UParks and Stone bathole ukuthi amasiko anezinkambiso eziqinile, adikibalisa ukungavumelani, kwesinye isikhathi azobakhipha abantu abenza kahle futhi abazidlayo ngokweqile. Bacabanga ukuthi labo basebenzi bakhuphula izinga eliphezulu kakhulu, badlula ukukhiqizwa komsebenzi kanye nezinkambiso zokudala, futhi benza abanye ozakwabo bazizwe bezenyeza ngabo ngokungabi abaphathi abangcono babanye. Ukuvuselela ubulungu beqembu, owenza kahle ucindezelwa ukuthi adlale okuncane noma asule esikhundleni, aqhubekise isiko elincinisayo futhi kwesinye isikhathi elinobuthi emsebenzini.

UCialdini (2005), uprofesa e-Arizona State University, uthole ukuthi sivame ukulibukela phansi ithonya elinamandla lamandla omphakathi. Lapho ukungaziphathi kahle kusabalele enhlanganweni, maqondana nokuxhumana kobungcweti nokwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha, amathuba okuba abasebenzi bavumelane. Ngubani ozibeka engcupheni yokuba yisichili egameni lokukhuluma ngokungahambisani nokungabi nabulungisa? UKenny (2019), encwadini yakhe entsha Ukushaya impempe: NgakwiTheory entsha , eshicilelwe yiHarvard University Press, yathola ukuthi abasebenzi abakwazisa ubulungiswa nokungakhethi ukwethembeka nokuhambisana kuvamise ukuba yibo ababika ukuhlukunyezwa nokwephulwa kwemithetho yokuziphatha.

Ukushaya impempe, ngokusho komsebenzi ka-Alford wokuzakhela isisu, kunemiphumela ebalulekile, kufaka phakathi ukuziphindiselela ngohlobo lokushiywa ngaphandle emihlanganweni, ukunqanyulwa kubuchwepheshe, nokuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba. Yize impempe ivame ukugujwa emphakathini omkhulu ngenxa yesibindi sayo, isibindi sayo singajeziswa emsebenzini, njengoba isiqhwaga simdweba njengonhlanhlathayo futhi sidala izinxushunxushu ukuphambukisa izingqinamba azibize. UMiceli, u-Near, uRehg no-van Scotter bathole ukuthi amazwi aqatha ahlukanisa futhi asebenza njengesixwayiso kwabanye abasebenzi abangafuna ukubonakala lapho kwenziwa izinqumo nobulungiswa ngokwenza okungalungile. Umthelela wokuhlukaniswa kwabasebenza ngokushaya amakhwela ubalulekile, okwenza ukuthi abantu ababephilile phambilini bezwe ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, ukuphazamiseka kokulala nokwesaba.

# 5. Yimaphi Amathuluzi Atholakalayo Ukusiza Okuqondiwe Ukubhekana Nokusetshenziswa Kwama -stracization?

Umsebenzi uvame ukuhlinzeka ngendilinga yokusekelwa komphakathi okwedlula izindonga zehhovisi. Lapho isiqhwaga sasemsebenzini sikhipha umgomo othile futhi sicindezela abanye ukuba bahlanganyele nalokhu kukhishwa, lowo ohlosiwe angagcwala imizwa yokwenqatshwa. Ukuphinda uthole unyawo futhi uthole ukuphumula nokusekelwa, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi kunezindawo eziningana ongaphendukela kuzo ukuze uthole induduzo.

Abasebenzi abagcina izimpilo ezigcwele ngaphandle kwehhovisi futhi bakhulise ubudlelwano emaqenjini abangane ahlukahlukene bakha uhlobo lokulwa ngokumelene nomthelela wokukhishwa inyumbazane. Amalungu omndeni namaqembu akhiwe azungeze imisebenzi efana nezinto zokuzilibazisa, ukuzivocavoca umzimba nokwakheka kwezenkolo kusiza ukwenza izinhloso zizizwe zinganakiwe kangako. Lapho imiphakathi yezisulu emsebenzini ibanqamula, amanethiwekhi abo angaphandle ayabasiza ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo eziyisisekelo.

UMolet, uMacquet, uLefebvre noWilliams bathola ukuthi ukucabanga ngokwengqondo kuyisu eliwusizo lokunciphisa ubuhlungu bokukhishwa inyumbazane. Ngokuzivocavoca kokuphefumula, okuhlosiwe kufunda ukuthi ungagxila kanjani manje esikhundleni sokukhanyisa imizwa ebuhlungu yokungafakwa emsebenzini.

UDerrick, uGabriel, noHugenberg basikisela ukuthi ama-surrogate womphakathi, noma izibopho ezingokomfanekiso ezinikeza ukuxhumana kwengqondo kunokuxhumana ngokomzimba, nakho kungasiza ekunciphiseni ubuhlungu bokukhishwa inyumbazane. Abazalelwa ngokwesivumelwano emphakathini bawela kwesinye sezigaba ezintathu. Kukhona iParasocial, lapho senza ukuxhumana okuya ngandlela-thile nabantu esingabazi kodwa abasilethela injabulo, njengokubuka umdlali waseshashalazini omthandayo ebhayisikobho noma ukujabulela ikhonsathi yomculi othandekayo. Okulandelayo, kukhona iSocial World, lapho sithola ukuphunyuka nokuzola ngokuthuthela kwenye indawo ngokusebenzisa izincwadi nethelevishini, njengokuthi, sizibeke e-CS Lewis's Narnia. Okokugcina, kukhona Izikhumbuzi Zabanye, lapho sisebenzisa khona izithombe, amavidiyo asekhaya, izikhumbuzo, nezincwadi ukuxhuma kubantu esibathandayo nabasithandayo.

Ama-surrogate wezenhlalakahle akhonjisiwe ukuthi ahlomulise labo abahlukumezekile, abafuna induduzo emisebenzini nasekwenzeni amasiko, esikhundleni sokuzivulela ithuba lokuphindisela ubudlelwano babantu obungababeka engcupheni yokuhlukunyezwa kabusha.

Yize abanye becabanga ukuncika kuma-surrogate womuntu kuwuphawu lokungalungiseki nokuntuleka kobuntu, ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi ama-surrogates womphakathi ahlobene nokukhula kozwela, ukuzethemba, nezinye izici ezibalulekile zokuthuthuka komuntu okunempilo.

Ngokufingqa, ukukhishwa inyumbazane kubuhlungu, kuyasakazeka, futhi kunomthelela ohlala isikhathi eside kulowo ohlukunyeziwe. Imikhuba ekhiphelayo ingasetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela izinkambiso zeqembu elinobuthi futhi inqande abasebenzi ekukhulumeni ngokungahambisani nokwephulwa kokuziphatha nokungabi nabulungisa. I-Ostracization, ngokuyisisekelo sayo, ihlubula abantu ngezidingo zabo eziyisisekelo zokuba ngabangabanikazi, ukuzethemba, ukulawula, kanye nokufuna ukuphila okunenjongo. Umsebenzi akufanele ube buhlungu.

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