URichard Lewontin: I-Biography Yale Biologist

-Delile

• I-Lewontin ingesinye sezazi zebhayoloji eziyimpikiswano kakhulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umphikisi onamandla we-genetic determinism.
• URichard Lewontin Biography
• Iminyaka yokuqala nokuqeqeshwa
• Umsebenzi wobungcweti njengomcwaningi
• Umbono nge-Evolutionary Biology
• Ibhizinisi lezolimo

I-Lewontin ingesinye sezazi zebhayoloji eziyimpikiswano kakhulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umphikisi onamandla we-genetic determinism.

URichard Lewontin waziwa emkhakheni wakhe, i-biology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, njengomlingiswa ophikisanayo. Ungumphikisi oqinile wokunqunywa kwezakhi zofuzo, kepha usengomunye wezazi zofuzo ezinkulu kakhulu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20.

Futhi uyisazi sezibalo kanye nesazi sezinto eziphilayo esiziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi ubeke izisekelo zokutadisha izakhi zofuzo zabantu, kanye nokuba yiphayona ekusetshenzisweni kwamasu we-biology yamangqamuzana. Ake sibone okuningi ngalo mcwaningi ngokusebenzisa i- umlando omfushane kaRichard Lewontin.

URichard Lewontin Biography

Ngokulandelayo sizobona isifinyezo sempilo kaRichard Lewontin, obelokhu ebonakala ngokutadisha izakhi zofuzo zabantu nokugxeka imibono yesiko likaDarwin.

Iminyaka yokuqala nokuqeqeshwa

URichard Charles ‘Dick’ Lewontin wazalwa ngoMashi 29, 1929 eNew York emndenini wabokufika abangamaJuda.

Ufunde eForest Hills High School nase-olecole Libre des Hautes Études eNew York kwathi ngo-1951 waphumelela eHarvard University, wathola iziqu zakhe zebhayoloji. Ngemuva konyaka uzothola i-Master of Statistics, elandelwa iziqu zobudokotela e-zoology ngo-1945.

Umsebenzi wobungcweti njengomcwaningi

U-Lewontin usebenze ocwaningweni lofuzo lwabantu. Uyaziwa ngokuba ngomunye wabantu bokuqala ukwenza ukulingiswa kwekhompyutha kokuziphatha kwe-locus kofuzo nokuthi kungazuzwa kanjani ngemuva kwezizukulwane ezimbalwa.

Kanye noKen-Ichi Kojima ngo-1960, babeka isibonelo esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni webhayoloji, ukwakha izibalo ezichaze ushintsho kumaza we-haplotype ezimeni zokukhethwa kwemvelo. Ngo-1966, kanye noJack Hubby, washicilela i-athikili yesayensi eyayiyinguquko yangempela ekutadisheni izakhi zofuzo zabantu. Kusetshenziswa izakhi zofuzo ze UDrosophila pseudoobscura fly, bathola ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso kwakukhona ithuba elingu-15% lokuthi lowo muntu wayeyi-heterozygous, okungukuthi, babe nenhlanganisela yezilinganiso ezingaphezu kwesisodwa zofuzo olufanayo.

Ufunde futhi ukwehluka kofuzo kubantu. Ngo-1972 washicilela udaba lapho yena kubonise ukuthi ukuhlukahluka okuningi kofuzo, okusondele kuma-85%, kutholakala emaqenjini endawo, ngenkathi umehluko okhonjiswe kumqondo wendabuko wohlanga awumele ngaphezu kwe-15% lokwehlukahluka kofuzo ezinhlotsheni zabantu. Kungakho uLewontin ecishe waphikisana ngokuphelele nanoma yikuphi ukutolikwa kwezakhi zofuzo okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwehluka ngokobuhlanga, ngokwenhlalo nangokwamasiko kungumkhiqizo oqinile wokunqunywa kofuzo.

Kodwa-ke, lesi sitatimende asikaze singanakwa kanti abanye abacwaningi baveze imibono eyahlukene. Isibonelo, ngo-2003 i-AWF Edwards, isazi sezakhi zofuzo saseBrithani nesazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, sagxeka izitatimende zikaLewontin, sathi ubuhlanga, ngokuhle noma ngokubi, busengabhekwa njengokwakhiwa okusemthethweni kwentela.

Umbono nge-Evolutionary Biology

Imibono kaRichard Lewontin ngezofuzo iyabonakala ukugxeka kwakhe ezinye izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Ngo-1975, u-EO Wilson, isazi sezinto eziphilayo saseMelika, waphakamisa izincazelo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuziphatha kwabantu emphakathini encwadini yakhe Ezenhlalo . I-Lewontin igcine impikiswano enkulu nososayensi bezenhlalo nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezinjenge-Wilson noma uRichard Dawkins, abaphakamisa incazelo yokuziphatha kwezilwane namandla ezenhlalo ngokwenzuzo eguqukayo.

Ngokusho kwalaba bacwaningi, ukuziphatha komphakathi kuzogcinwa uma kusho uhlobo oluthile lwenzuzo eqenjini. U-Lewontin akahambisani nalokhu kugomela, nakuma-athikili ambalwa kanye nomunye wemisebenzi yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu Akukhona Kofuzo uye wakulahla ukusweleka kwemfundiso-nkomo yokuncishiswa kwezakhi zofuzo.

Ephendula lezi zitatimende, uphakamise umqondo wokuthi "uncike." Ngaphakathi kwebhayoloji yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okunciphile kuyisethi yezici zomzimba ezikhona njengomphumela odingekayo ukuze ezinye izici, mhlawumbe eziguquguqukayo noma mhlawumbe kungenzeki, zingenzeka, yize zingasho ukuthi kuthuthukiswa amandla noma ukusinda kwazo lapho ihlala khona, okungukuthi, le sethi yezici akudingeki ukuthi iguquguquke.

Ku- Umzimba Nemvelo , ULeontin uyawugxeka umbono wendabuko kaDarwin wokuthi izinto eziphilayo zimane nje zamukelwa ngamathonya ezemvelo. KuRichard Lewontin, izinto eziphilayo ziyakwazi ukuthonya imvelo yazo, zisebenze njengabakhi abakhuthele. Ama-niches emvelo awalungiselelwa futhi awazona izitsha ezingenalutho lapho kufakwa khona izinhlobo zokuphila kanjalo nje. Lezi niches zichazwa futhi zakhiwa amafomu okuphila ahlala kuzo.

Ngokombono we-adaptationist wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imvelo ibonwa njengento ezimele futhi ezimele emzimbeni, ngaphandle kokuthonya kokugcina noma ukubumba okwangaphambili. Esikhundleni salokho, U-Lewontin uthi, ngokombono wesakhi sokwakha, ukuthi umzimba nemvelo kugcina ubudlelwano be-dialectical, lapho bobabili benethonya komunye nomunye futhi bashintsha ngasikhathi sinye. Kuzo zonke izizukulwane, imvelo iyashintsha futhi abantu bathola izinguquko zomzimba nezokuziphatha.

Ibhizinisi lezolimo

URichard Lewontin ubhale ngokuguquguquka kwezomnotho "kwebhizinisi lezolimo", elihumushela ibhizinisi lezolimo noma ibhizinisi lezolimo. Uveze ukuthi ummbila we-hybrid ukhulisiwe futhi wasatshalaliswa hhayi ngoba ungcono kunommbila wendabuko, kepha ngoba ivumele izinkampani ezisemkhakheni wezolimo ukuthi ziphoqe abalimi ukuthi bathenge imbewu entsha minyaka yonke esikhundleni sokutshala izinhlobo zabo zempilo yonke. .

Lokhu kumholele ekufakazeni ecaleni laseCalifornia, ezama ukushintsha uxhaso lukahulumeni locwaningo lube yizinhlobonhlobo zembewu ekhiqizayo, kubhekwe ukuthi lokhu bekuyinzuzo enkulu ezinkampanini futhi kulimaza umlimi ojwayelekile waseNyakatho Melika.