Kungani Umvuzo Ngesikhathi Sokuqeqeshwa Ushintsha Ukuziphatha Kwenja?

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukunika inja umvuzo ngokuphendula ngendlela eyiyo ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kushintsha indlela yokuziphatha. Isibonelo, lapho siheha ukuqeqesha inja ukuthi ihlale, sihambisa okumnandi phezu kwekhanda lenja nasemhlane wayo ngenkathi sinikeza umyalo othi "Hlala." Ukuze agcine amehlo akhe esiphundu, inja ibuyela emuva endaweni yokuhlala. Uma inja isisendaweni efanele, siyinika lokho kuphathwa. Ngemuva kokuphindaphindwa okumbalwa kwalesi senzo, sithola ukuthi inja manje iphendula umyalo othi "hlala" ngokuhlala.

Abaqeqeshi bezinja bakuthatha kalula ukuthi ukunika inja imivuzo kushintshe indlela aziphethe ngayo, kepha ososayensi abaziphethe kahle basafuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani lokhu kusebenza nokuthi kusebenza kanjani. Ucwaningo olusha oluholwa nguMolly Byrne eBoston College luphakamisa ukuthi kukhona okulula kakhulu kohlelo lokuziphatha, okungenzeka kube luhlobo lofuzo, olubangela ukusebenza kwemivuzo yokuqeqeshwa.

Ake sithathe isinyathelo emuva futhi sibone ukuthi yini ngempela ehilelekile ekuqeqesheni izinja. Izinja, njengezinto eziningi eziphilayo (kufaka phakathi abantu), zingukuziphatha kokuziphatha. Leyo nje yindlela yezobuchwepheshe yokuthi benza izinto, izinto eziningi ezahlukene. Icebo lokubandakanyeka ekuqeqesheni inja ukuyenza ikhiphe indlela ethile yokuziphatha esiyifunayo, njengokuhlala ngomyalo, nokugwema ukukhipha ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezingafuneki noma ezingadingeki, njengokulala phansi, ukujikeleza, ukuqaqa, nokunye phambili. Kepha-ke, uma uqala ukuqeqeshwa, inja ayinalo nhlobo ulwazi lokuthi ufunani. Kunokuziphatha okuningi okuhlukahlukene angakukhiqiza.

Into efanayo iyaqhubeka ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Kunokuziphatha okukodwa kuphela okuzoxazulula inkinga futhi zonke ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha azisebenzi. Isibonelo, ake sithi ufike esangweni lengadi. Uphusha isango ukuze ulivule, kodwa akusebenzi. Uyaqhubeka nokuphusha esangweni? Vele akunjalo. Uzama enye into - ake sithi ukudonsa isango. Akukasebenzi namanje. Ngakho-ke awuqhubeki nokudonsa isango; esikhundleni salokho, uzama enye indlela yokuziphatha. Kulokhu uphakamisa i-latch ukuze isango livuleke livuleke.

Ngokuzayo lapho uhlangana naleli sango, ngeke uliphushe noma ulidonse. Njengoba uklonyelisiwe ngokuziphatha okuthile phambilini, uzofinyelela masinyane i-latch ukuyivula. Uhlanganyela kulokho ososayensi bezengqondo abakubiza ngecebo "lokuwina-ukuhlala-ulahlekelwe-ukushintshwa". Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma uzama indlela yokuziphatha futhi ingakuniki umklomelo owufisayo, awuphindi futhi kodwa kunalokho zama enye indlela yokuziphatha. Uma uzama ukuziphatha futhi kukuvumela ukuthi uthole umvuzo owufunayo, bese uyaphinda. Uma ngabe leli su elilula lokuqonda lalifakelwe izinja ngofuzo, lizoqinisekisa ukuthi singasebenzisa imivuzo njengendlela yokuziqeqesha. Lokhu kuzosebenza impela ekuqeqesheni inja ukuthi ihlale, ngoba lapho ihlezi ekuyalweni ithola umvuzo (yingakho isimilo sokuhlala siphindaphindwa) ngenkathi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zingaklonyeliswa futhi inja ingaziphindi.

Ukunquma ukuthi izinja zinalo yini isu lokuqonda lokuwina-lalahla-lokushintsha, ithimba locwaningo laseBoston College lahlola izinja ezindala ezingama-323 ezineminyaka yobudala emaphakathi cishe yeminyaka emithathu. Izinja zikhonjiswe okokuqala ukuthi uma zingqongqoza inkomishi epulasitiki zingathola umvuzo wokudla ofihlwe ngaphansi kwawo. Ngokulandelayo, banikezwa izinkomishi ezimbili zepulasitiki, ezivulekile-ezansi, ebusweni phambi kwabo, eyodwa ngakwesobunxele kanti enye ngakwesokunene sensimu. Manje inye kuphela yezinkomishi ebinokuphatha ngenkathi enye ingenayo. Izinja zadedelwa futhi zavunyelwa ukuba zikhethe enye yezinkomishi. Uma izinja zinalolu hlelo lokuwina-ukuhlala-ukulahleka-kokushintsha, kuthi uma kunesivivinyo esithile, badilize inkomishi futhi kube nokudla ngaphansi kwayo singalindela ukuthi ngokuzayo lapho benikezwa ukukhetha okufanayo bangakhetha inkomishi ngasohlangothini olufanayo lwensimu lapho bethola khona lowo mklomelo (win-stay). Ngenkathi uma wawungekho umvuzo kufanele bashintshe indlela abaziphethe ngayo bese bekhetha inkomishi ngakolunye uhlangothi (lose-shift). Eqinisweni, yilokho abakwenzile, futhi cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezinja zakhetha uhlangothi olufanayo olwaluklonyelisiwe phambilini, ngenkathi ngabe bekungekho mvuzo ecaleni elilandelayo ecaleni cishe amaphesenti angama-45 adlulele kolunye uhlangothi.

Manje umbuzo usalokhu ukuthi ngabe lokhu kuzuza kokuhlala-ukulahleka-kokusebenza kuyisu izinja ezindala ezikufundile ukuba lusizo esikhathini sokuphila kwazo, noma ngabe liyingxenye yocingo lwazo lofuzo. Ukuphendula lokhu, ithimba labacwaningi lenze isethi efanayo yezivivinyo kusetshenziswa imidlwane engama-334 eyayiphakathi kwamasonto ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwayishumi ubudala. Imiphumela yayicishe ifane, ngakho-ke lapho inkomishi ekhethwe ngumdlwane yayiphethwe ngaphansi kwayo, bese kuthi ecaleni elilandelayo, cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zikhethe inkomishi ngasohlangothini olufanayo olwaluklonyelisiwe ngaphambili. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukube bekungekho mvuzo wokukhetha kwangaphambilini cishe uhhafu wayo yonke imidlwane ushintshele kolunye uhlangothi ecaleni elilandelayo. Ngoba leli su lokuziphatha livela kusenesikhathi empilweni yenja, ukuqagela okunengqondo ukuthi kungukuhlelwa kokuziphatha kwe-canine okunezakhi zofuzo.

Ngakho-ke kubonakala kuyimfihlakalo yokuthi imivuzo isebenza kanjani njengezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuqeqesha izinja zixazululwa ngoba isu elilula lifakwe ezintanjeni. Ithi, "Uma into oyenzile ikunikeze umvuzo, yiphinde. Uma kungenjalo, zama enye into." Kuyindlela elula elula yokuziphatha, kepha iyasebenza, futhi ivumela abantu ukuthi basebenzise ngempumelelo imivuzo ukuqeqesha izinja zethu.

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